Deck 9: Psychology Over the Life Span: Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser

Question 1

Ovum is a term used to describe_________________________.

A) the female sex cell or egg
B) the male sex cell
C) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
D) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

Answer 1

the female sex cell or egg

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the ovum is true?

A) It is the largest cell in the female human body.
B) It is a passive recipient of the sperm.
C) It does not produce other reactions that prevent additional sperm from penetrating it.
D) It is about 1/100 the size of the head of a pin.

Answer 2

It is the largest cell in the female human body.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Female fetuses are more active in the womb than male fetuses.
B) As the fetus develops, the heart rate slows.
C) Fetuses are sensitive to sound but not light.
D) Fetuses pay attention to music but cannot detect human speech.

Answer 3

As the fetus develops, the heart rate slows.

Question 4

Humans have a total of _______chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 23
C) 21
D) 22

Question 5

When the major axis of the body is present, it signals the beginning of which prenatal developmental stage?

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) teratogen

Question 6

________ is the process that produces genetically programmed changes with age.

A) Genomic imprinting
B) Maturation
C) Basic aging
D) Puberty

Question 7

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A) Nature; nurture
B) Cognition; emotion
C) Nurture; behavioral genetics
D) Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Question 8

How does the sperm reach the egg in order to fertilize it?

A) The muscle contractions of the uterus move it.
B) The movement of the air in the fallopian tube moves it.
C) The woman walking around after intercourse moves it.
D) It flies through the environment and latches on a wall of the uterus.

Question 9

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) gestational

Question 10

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell of the human body?

A) 46
B) 23
C) 21
D) 22

Question 11

In the second trimester of a pregnancy, the developing baby is called ________.

A) a zygote, then an embryo, then a fetus
B) an embryo and then a fetus
C) a fetus
D) an embryo

Question 12

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A) nurture
B) nature
C) school district superintendent
D) teacher appraisals of performance

Question 13

Strand-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.

A) DNA
B) sex-linked traits
C) chromosomes
D) amines

Question 14

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A) nature versus nurture
B) cognition versus emotion
C) classical versus operant conditioning
D) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Question 15

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of__________ psychology.

A) abnormal
B) gerontological
C) developmental
D) maturational

Question 16

The fertilization of the egg by the sperm creates a(n) ________.

A) fetus
B) embryo
C) chromosome
D) zygote

Question 17

What is another name for gametes?

A) sex cells
B) ovum
C) egg
D) sperm

Question 18

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n)_______________.

A) embryo
B) zygote
C) genome
D) blastocyst

Question 19

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 20

________ psychology encompasses the study of human growth and change over the life span.

A) Social
B) Developmental
C) Applied
D) Health

Question 21

Suppose Patty reads a certain children's book fairly regularly to her unborn child several weeks before she gives birth. Once her child is born, her baby will ________.

A) show a preference for her mom reading any story
B) show a preference for her mom reading a story other than the one read in the womb
C) show a preference for her mom reading the specific story read while in the womb
D) show a preference for any female voice regarding the specific story while in the womb

Question 22

Which reflex is elicited by stroking the infant's cheek lightly causing the infant to turn his or her head and start trying to suck?

A) withdrawal
B) rooting
C) moro
D) Babinski

Question 23

An inborn and automatic response to a stimulus is known as a(n) ________.

A) cognition
B) reflex
C) motion
D) motivation

Question 24

What do we learn from the research of Meaney and his colleagues with rats?

A) Infants prefer complex pictures over simple pictures.
B) Adult personalities have no relationship to infant temperaments.
C) Touching infants might produce harmful effects.
D) Handling rat pups during the first days after birth had an impact on their responses to stressful events.

Question 25

Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a three-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns' ________.

A) personalities
B) moods
C) reflexes
D) temperaments

Question 26

The Moro reflex is most likely to be produced when ________.

A) someone lightly stokes the baby's cheek
B) there is a sudden loud sound
C) the baby is placed face-down in water
D) the baby's palm is pressed

Question 27

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A) increased birth weight and lethargy
B) lower birth weight and smaller head size
C) severe hearing loss and heart defects
D) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 28

Isabelle's baby was born suffering from mental retardation. Which illness did Isabelle probably fight while her baby was an embryo?

A) rubella
B) mercury
C) HIV
D) radiation

Question 29

Infants who tend to show a(n) ________ response typically respond positively to new situations or stimuli.

A) approach
B) withdrawal
C) easy
D) difficult

Question 30

Newborn infants are ________.

A) thoroughly incompetent
B) capable of only the simplest of behaviors such as eating and sleeping
C) incapable of even the simplest of behaviors for the first few hours after birth
D) equipped with a surprising range of reflexes

Question 31

According to your text's authors, how can a father's health habits affect his growing fetus?

A) Quite simply, it cannot affect the growing fetus.
B) Certain drugs can affect his sperm.
C) If the father has poor health habits, then the mother will likely follow suit.
D) If the father has poor health habits, the mother will be so distressed that she increases the likelihood of miscarriage.

Question 32

In general, it is accurate to state that bodily control progresses from the ________.

A) center of the body to the periphery
B) legs to the arms
C) trunk to the head
D) arms to the trunk

Question 33

Greta's child suffers from mental deficits, including difficulties involving the reasoning skills that involve working memory. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 34

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) A mother's poor diet can lead her infant to have more brain cells than normal because the process of pruning cannot occur.
B) The fetus is not sensitive to the mother's stress.
C) Certain drugs can affect the sperm and thereby affect the growing fetus.
D) It is very important that a pregnant woman eat a lot of fish-any type of fish-so that the child has the right nutrients from which to develop a healthy brain.

Question 35

Infant reflexes are______.

A) innate involuntary behavior patterns
B) voluntary behavior patterns
C) learned
D) not used as a means for survival

Question 36

Why does a pregnant mother experiencing stress run the risk of providing less oxygenated blood to her baby?

A) Stress can cause the mother to put on weight, which causes the child to get less oxygenated blood during digestion.
B) Stress can cause the umbilical cord to reduce in diameter, making it difficult for blood to "get through."
C) Stress causes the hormone cortisol to be released, and this hormone is teratogenic.
D) Stress can cause blood to flow to body parts affected by the fight-or-flight symptom, thus reducing its availability to the child.

Question 37

A teratogen is typically thought of as ________ that can cause damage to the ________.

A) a chemical; fetus only
B) any chemical or radiation; embryo or fetus only
C) a virus; fetus only
D) any chemical, virus, or radiation; zygote, embryo, or fetus

Question 38

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

A) Moro reflex
B) Rooting reflex
C) walking reflex
D) Babinski reflex

Question 39

When the sole of Baby Joshua's foot is stroked, his big toe flexes and the other toes fan out. This is known as the ________ reflex.

A) Babinski
B) moro
C) stepping
D) withdrawal

Question 40

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?

A) teratogen
B) critical period
C) carcinogen
D) biohazard

Question 41

By about 12 months, most infants ____________________.

A) begin to use intonation in their language
B) begin speaking
C) begin to distinguish, in their language, between themselves and others
D) begin to form two- and three-word sentences

Question 42

Young Eli's father wears a goatee, and sometimes when Eli sees another man with a goatee he points and says "Da-da." This is an example of:

A) overregularization
B) overextension
C) telegraphing
D) grammaticizing

Question 43

When he got home from camp, young Samuel was very excited as he yelled, "Mommy, I swimmed all by myself today without any help!" Which of the following describes the type of error that Samuel has made?

A) underextension
B) overregularization
C) telegraphic
D) pragmatic

Question 44

The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.

A) morphemes
B) phonemes
C) semantics
D) sound bytes

Question 45

According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called __________.

A) Syntax synthesizer (SS)
B) Grammar grabber (GG)
C) Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
D) Language Learning System (LLS)

Question 46

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______.

A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) telegraphic speech
D) babbling

Question 47

Researchers using the habituation technique have found that infants may be able to perceive visual depth cues as early as __________ of age.

A) 3 to 4 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 2 to 3 months
D) 6 months

Question 48

According to researchers, which types of sounds do babies find the least appealing?

A) dissonant sounds
B) consonant sounds
C) high frequency sounds
D) soft sounds

Question 49

Language is based on sound units called ______ that help us distinguish words from each other.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) registers

Question 50

The visual cliff experiment ________.

A) determined that infants can perceive depth before they can talk
B) found that infants crawl to their mother even in the presence of a stranger
C) indicated that infants prefer round faces to oval faces
D) extended our knowledge concerning infant emotional development

Question 51

What is a potential result of the "Back to Sleep" movement?

A) Children will walk at later and later ages.
B) SIDS incidents will increase.
C) Children will skip the stage of crawling.
D) Children will develop intracranial hemorrhages as a result of lying on their occipital skull.

Question 52

Which famous researcher is responsible for the stages of cognitive development?

A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Bowlby
D) Kohlberg

Question 53

By what age should most children be able to speak about 50 words?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 54

Which of the following language milestones is the latest to occur?

A) subtle pragmatics
B) knowing about 10,000 words
C) telegraphic speech
D) understanding the rules of grammar

Question 55

The habituation technique operates on the premise that infants ________.

A) are able to discriminate their mother's voice from other female voices
B) cannot perceive depth
C) enjoy looking at simple patterns
D) prefer to look at new stimuli

Question 56

A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible is called a __________ period.

A) fetal
B) critical
C) germinal
D) latency

Question 57

Which of these physical skills typically develops last?

A) turning the pages of a book
B) standing alone
C) walking
D) sucking

Question 58

Three-month-old infants can store information ________.

A) implicitly only
B) explicitly only
C) both implicitly and explicitly
D) neither implicitly nor explicitly

Question 59

The assumption that we are born with a proclivity to develop and use language is known as __________.

A) nativism
B) the behavioral approach
C) the phonemic approach
D) the interactionist approach

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

A) "pet dog"
B) "ba ba ba ba ba"
C) "but I just runned home"
D) "bottle"

Question 61

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of ______.

A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) centration
D) egocentrism

Question 62

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 63

Ethan, a 3-year-old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into 12 rather than 8 pieces because he is "really hungry." On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan ________.

A) understands object permanence
B) does not understand object permanence
C) understands conservation
D) does not understand conservation

Question 64

Piaget was originally trained in the field of ________.

A) psychology
B) pediatrics
C) sociology
D) biology

Question 65

Elijah is a 3-year-old little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?

A) Egocentrism
B) Sensorimotor
C) Preoperational
D) Accommodation

Question 66

Assimilation is to accommodation as ________.

A) necessary is to optional
B) help is to hinder
C) hinder is to help
D) using is to changing

Question 67

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ______.

A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) centration
D) egocentrism

Question 68

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 69

________, which occurs in the ________ period of cognitive development, is the ability to understand that stimuli exist even when they cannot be immediately perceived.

A) Assimilation; sensorimotor
B) Assimilation; preoperational
C) Object permanence; sensorimotor
D) Object permanence; preoperational

Question 70

Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates ________.

A) disoriented attachment
B) conservation
C) object permanence
D) egocentrism

Question 71

Ashani is 18 months old. When her mom leaves her at the babysitter's house, Ashani cries initially. After a few moments, she stops crying because her mom is "out of sight and out of mind." According to Piaget, which period of cognitive development would Ashani be in?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete Operations
D) Formal Operations

Question 72

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations
B) concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations
C) sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations
D) preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations

Question 73

What is another name for a child's inability to take another's point of view?

A) formal operations
B) concrete operations
C) egocentrism
D) conservation

Question 74

Elka is 9 years old. She has been working on her science project, which places different dinosaurs into different periods of time. Which stage of cognitive development is she most likely in?

A) preoperational
B) formal operations
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operations

Question 75

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ___________.

A) object permanence
B) conservation
C) centration
D) reversibility

Question 76

What is another name for mental structures that organize sensory and perceptual input and connect it to the appropriate responses?

A) Accommodations
B) Assimilations
C) Schemas
D) Cognitions

Question 77

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.

A) cognitive development
B) perceptual development
C) language development
D) motor development

Question 78

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 79

What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own?

A) disparity
B) narcissism
C) egocentrism
D) autonomy

Question 80

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use words, images, or actions to understand the world, is the ______ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations