Deck 9: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Complete the following statement with one of the primary facets of cognition.Cognition

A) is the basic unit of thinking.
B) is a mental set.
C) processes information.
D) senses internal stimuli.

Answer 1

processes information.

Question 2

Concepts that are learned more easily than others are called ________ concepts.

A) simple
B) subordinate
C) conjunctive
D) natural

Answer 2

natural

Question 3

The concept of "father" suggests that two concepts exist at the same time-male and parent.This is an example of a ______ concept.

A) conjunctive
B) disjunctive
C) prototypical
D) archetypal

Answer 3

conjunctive

Question 4

Which is the correct order of categories,from most specific to most broad?

A) basic,superordinate,subordinate
B) basic,subordinate,superordinate
C) subordinate,superordinate,basic
D) subordinate,basic,superordinate

Question 5

The intellectual processes by which information is obtained,transformed,stored,retrieved,and used is called

A) activation.
B) motivation.
C) cognition.
D) emotion.

Question 6

Natural concepts have two primary characteristics: they are ______ and ______.

A) basic;archetypal
B) basic;prototypical
C) complex;prototypical
D) complex;archetypal

Question 7

Which of the following is a facet of cognition?

A) emotional
B) active
C) useless
D) passive

Question 8

A strike in baseball occurs if either (1)the batter swings at the ball and misses or (2)the batter does not swing at the ball when it passes through the strike zone.The concept of a "strike" is an example of a _______ concept.

A) prototypical
B) natural
C) conjunctive
D) disjunctive

Question 9

When it is stated that natural concepts are good prototypes,a good prototype is actually a good

A) example.
B) indicator.
C) object.
D) concept.

Question 10

When we use a certain cognitive process to reach a goal temporarily blocked by an obstacle,we are using

A) concept formation.
B) problem solving.
C) syntax.
D) prototypical thinking.

Question 11

If a cognitive psychologist were to tell you that you have a mental set,what would she mean?

A) You would have more success in problem solving if you were sitting.
B) You only possess two of the three mental operations of the set.
C) You are solving similar problems in the same,habitual way.
D) You are incapable of using heuristic reasoning-your mental set is fixed.

Question 12

When information is used to reach a goal that is blocked,what is the cognitive process called?

A) concept formation
B) conjunctive thinking
C) problem solving
D) neural pruning

Question 13

When is a concept considered a conjunctive concept?

A) when it has one characteristic
B) when it is simple
C) when two or more features define it
D) when it has an either-or aspect

Question 14

In Rosch's study of the ability of the subjects from the Dani tribe to learn names of colors,she found evidence that some color concepts

A) are learned through heuristics.
B) share common attributes.
C) can be described by shapes.
D) are better prototypes than others.

Question 15

The term "adult" is sometimes used to defined as a person who is (1)18 years or older,and (2)has completed puberty,and (3)is financially independent.If a person had to have all three characteristics to qualify as an adult,the term "adult" could refer to a

A) disjunctive concept.
B) conjunctive concept.
C) prototypical category.
D) basic category.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is correct regarding basic concepts? Basic concepts

A) share similar shapes.
B) share few attributes.
C) are not easily named.
D) rarely share motor movements.

Question 17

Rosch believes basic concepts are easier to learn.Which of the following does she use in support of this statement?

A) Basic concepts are very exclusive.
B) Basic concepts are very descriptive.
C) Basic concepts are easily named.
D) Basic concepts are disjunctive.

Question 18

The basic units of thinking are called

A) engrams.
B) behaviors.
C) neurons.
D) concepts.

Question 19

What are the three primary facets of cognition?

A) is complex,uses expert systems,is generative
B) processes information,is active,is useful
C) subordinate,conjunctive,disjunctive
D) basic,useful,natural

Question 20

Which of the following levels expresses the greatest amount of conceptual inclusiveness?

A) hyperordinate
B) basic
C) superordinate
D) subordinate

Question 21

When asked what a hanger is useful for,a child says it is useful for hanging clothes.This demonstrates

A) convergent thinking.
B) disjunctive thinking.
C) illumination.
D) an algorithm.

Question 22

Creativity is the ability to produce outcomes that are ______ and ______.

A) valuable;common
B) easy to use;unique
C) generational;easy to use.
D) novel;valued by others.

Question 23

Which is safer,flying on a commercial airplane or driving an automobile?

A) You are slightly safer in the air than on the ground.
B) There is no difference in safety between air and ground.
C) You are much safer in the air than on the ground.
D) You are moderately safer on the ground than in the air.

Question 24

The question "how many ways can a paper clip be used?" calls for

A) convergent thinking.
B) an objective view.
C) a mental set.
D) divergent thinking.

Question 25

Sudden insight pertaining to the solution of a problem was referred to by Wallas as

A) eureka!
B) aha!
C) illumination.
D) insight.

Question 26

Janice finished organizing the elements of a problem.Which cognitive operation should she perform next?

A) perceive and formulate the problem
B) generate and evaluate alternative solutions
C) construct a mental set
D) develop a goal state

Question 27

In Wallas's problem solving sequence,______ refers to the initial attempt to formulate the problem,recall relevant facts,and begin to consider possible solutions.

A) incubation
B) preparation
C) illumination
D) verification

Question 28

You make your famous strawberry banana daiquiris for a gathering of your best friends.You use a recipe to ensure the correct combination of ingredients.Which approach to problem solving was used in this example?

A) trial-and-error
B) heuristics
C) expert systems
D) an algorithm

Question 29

It is thought that creative people have a greater ability to use

A) conjunctive thinking.
B) associative thinking.
C) convergent thinking.
D) divergent thinking.

Question 30

We tend to use certain steps in the solution of a problem.Before we can understand the elements of a problem,we must _______ the problem.

A) formulate
B) generate
C) analyze
D) evaluate

Question 31

After we have generated several solutions,our next task in the process of problem solving is to

A) develop a mental set.
B) evaluate the solutions.
C) organize the elements of the problem.
D) formulate the problem.

Question 32

The willingness to consider unconventional approaches,to use imagination,and to attempt to develop new definitions of problems are central characteristics of

A) convergent thinking.
B) intelligence.
C) divergent thinking.
D) algorithmic approaches.

Question 33

Voting for a candidate based on having heard her on TV rather than on having systematically studied the viewpoints of all the candidates is problem solving based on

A) algorithms.
B) convergence.
C) divergence.
D) heuristics.

Question 34

The correct sequence of cognitive operations used in problem solving (starting from the beginning)is

A) formulate,evaluate,generate.
B) evaluate,understand,generate.
C) formulate,understand,generate.
D) understand,evaluate,formulate.

Question 35

If you are a ______ thinker,you are more easily able to break out of mental sets and think in very creative ways.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) concurrent
D) divested

Question 36

With respect to types of thinking,rigid is to flexible as

A) divergent is to functional fixedness.
B) functional fixedness is to convergent.
C) convergent is to divergent.
D) divergent is to heuristic.

Question 37

The tendency to make decisions about what is unknown based on what we know is called

A) trial and error.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) an algorithmic approach.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 38

A person using heuristics to solve a problem would

A) demonstrate functional fixedness.
B) take shortcuts.
C) consider and evaluate every option.
D) always find a solution.

Question 39

Ami solved a problem by using a strategy that guarantees a correct solution.She most likely used

A) an algorithm.
B) heuristics.
C) a mental set.
D) an intelligence quotient.

Question 40

An algorithm is a systematic pattern of reasoning that

A) leads to a correct solution if followed.
B) generates multiple,possible solutions to test.
C) followed a preprogrammed series of shortcuts.
D) records individual trials and errors.

Question 41

The semantic meaning of communication refers to its'

A) meaning.
B) sound.
C) syntax.
D) grammar.

Question 42

Language codes are to semantic content as _______ is to _______.

A) phoneme;sound
B) language;intelligence
C) surface structure;deep structure
D) conjunctive concept;disjunctive concept

Question 43

The ability to create an infinite number of sentences from a finite set of words and rules refers to the _______ of language.

A) morphology
B) generative property
C) syntactical property
D) semantics

Question 44

The word that refers to the grammar of a language is

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morpheme.
D) structure.

Question 45

How many phonemes are found in the word "tree"?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 46

A teacher insists that diagramming complex sentences helps students comprehend the _______ of the English language.

A) phonology
B) morphology
C) semantics
D) syntax

Question 47

"Discovering gold is exciting" and "It is exciting to discover gold" are statements that may mean the same thing,but they have different

A) semantic content.
B) syntax structure.
C) surface structure.
D) phoneme structure.

Question 48

The idea that there are an infinite number of possible things a person can say,and that these sayings come from a finite number of words and rules of language is called

A) fluid intelligence.
B) the Whorfian effect.
C) generativity.
D) syntactic collaboration.

Question 49

The type of reasoning that requires a conclusion beyond the information presented (thus relying on information you bring from your own background)is called ______ reasoning.

A) divergent
B) descriptive
C) inferential
D) convergent

Question 50

What is the relationship between morphemes and words?

A) Morphemes are closely related to but not the same as words.
B) Every word is composed of one morpheme.
C) Morphemes and words are exactly the same thing.
D) Every word is composed of at least two morphemes.

Question 51

Chuck just completed the step in Wallas's creative problem-solving process called verification.Which of the following did Chuck likely do?

A) create a knowledge base
B) compare similarities with other problems
C) test the correctness of a solution
D) take a period of rest

Question 52

Some psychologists hold the idea that we are limited in the thoughts that we have when our vocabulary is limited.This idea is known as the

A) availability heuristic.
B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) Whorfian hypothesis.
D) generativity effect.

Question 53

What role does syntax play in the effective use of language?

A) Syntax is the smallest unit of meaning possible.
B) Syntax describes the rules of language use.
C) Syntax describes each of the sounds that can be generated by humans.
D) Syntax refers to the back and forth nature of nonverbal communications.

Question 54

Which of the following best depicts the meaning of the surface structure of language?

A) the grammatical syntax
B) the spoken word
C) the statement's meaning
D) the language in use

Question 55

Bill suddenly realized how to solve a difficult problem.According to Wallas,Bill has just completed the creative process step called

A) verification.
B) incubation.
C) preparation.
D) illumination.

Question 56

After working on a calculus problem for three hours,Sue took a two-hour break before going back to the problem.She solved the problem soon after she returned to it.Wallas would refer to Sue's two-hour break as a step to problem solving called _______.

A) relaxation
B) preparation
C) incubation
D) meditation

Question 57

When we say that language is generative,we mean that

A) it is passed down from generation to generation.
B) novel language utterances generate new thoughts.
C) there is no limit to what can be said.
D) dialects change over several generations.

Question 58

How many phonemes are there in the English language?

A) 26
B) 44
C) approximately 12,000
D) an infinite number

Question 59

In the process of problem solving suggested by Wallas,_______ is followed by _______.

A) incubation;illumination
B) atmosphere;preparation
C) incubation;verification
D) preparation;acknowledgment

Question 60

Wallas' steps in creative problem solving,from start to finish,are

A) verification,preparation,incubation,illumination
B) illumination,verification,preparation,incubation
C) incubation,illumination,verification,preparation
D) preparation,incubation,illumination,verification

Question 61

Chimpanzees who have been taught sign language have difficulty with

A) asking for food.
B) syntax.
C) interchanging symbols.
D) combining signs.

Question 62

College admission usually requires some demonstration of _______ and _______ abilities.

A) verbal;logical-mathematical
B) logical-mathematical;intrapersonal
C) spatial;linguistic
D) kinesthetic;artistic

Question 63

The notion concerning how well a person uses cognition to cope with the world is known as

A) motivation.
B) intelligence.
C) socialization.
D) nurture.

Question 64

The Primary Mental Abilities Test is designed to measure ______ different types of intelligence.

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine

Question 65

Biological views of intelligence hypothesizes that high "g" persons

A) respond to stimuli by reducing the number of neural connections.
B) have greater potential for deterioration of complex neural pathways.
C) have more neural connections but process cognitive information more slowly.
D) have more neural connections and process simple cognitive tasks faster.

Question 66

In a discussion of intelligence,the concept of "g" refers to

A) generational intellect.
B) generic performance.
C) genetic superiority.
D) general intelligence.

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the language of bees?

A) limited by inheritance
B) somewhat flexible
C) generative
D) not a true language

Question 68

A bee in the midst of a tail-wagging dance is attempting to communicate

A) distance and direction to nectar.
B) a threat to the hive.
C) a malfunction of its stinger.
D) abdication of the queen bee.

Question 69

Sternberg's findings suggest that an important part of intelligent problem solving is

A) careful and deliberate encoding of information.
B) careful and deliberate inferring of relationships.
C) rapid and efficient encoding of information.
D) spending the most time on mapping our characteristics of a problem.

Question 70

The term "g" refers to the idea that intelligence

A) is made of genetically inherited abilities.
B) may be grouped into subcategories.
C) has a basic general component.
D) was developed by Sir Francis Galton.

Question 71

The notion that the more vocabulary or categories a language has,the more varied our perceptions will be,is a theory connected to

A) Rosch.
B) Chomsky.
C) Miller.
D) Whorf.

Question 72

When you use the knowledge you gained in elementary mathematics to balance your checkbook,what kind of intelligence are you using?

A) fluid
B) surface
C) convergent
D) crystallized

Question 73

Another term for the linguistic relativity hypothesis is the

A) Wallas constraint.
B) Sternberg triarch.
C) Chomsky declaration.
D) Whorfian hypothesis.

Question 74

Several efforts have been made to teach apes human language.Although there have been varying degrees of success,the main issue seems to be whether apes

A) have the anatomy for speech.
B) have the intelligence for speech.
C) can generate new combinations of language.
D) can be taught American Sign Language.

Question 75

It is believed that persons with high "g"

A) have faster reflexes but slower reaction times.
B) have slower reflexes due to more complex neural connections.
C) have both faster reflexes and faster reaction times.
D) do not differ from lower "g" persons in any measurable ways.

Question 76

The concept of "g" would best support the observation that

A) impoverished environments can reduce IQ test scores.
B) the stability of IQ changes with age.
C) people who are good at math also tend to be good at reading.
D) some mentally retarded individuals are spectacularly gifted.

Question 77

Which of the following is an advantage for a person who possesses higher levels of g?

A) faster reflexes
B) slower reaction times
C) more time to make simple judgments
D) slowed reflexes

Question 78

The idea that a person must map or identify common characteristics between situations in order to solve problems comes from ______ theory of intelligent behavior.

A) Thurstone's
B) Sternberg's
C) Gardner's
D) Guilford's

Question 79

Sternberg's theory of intelligence is an advance over previous theories of intelligence because it

A) quantifies the "g" factor.
B) identifies the best heuristics for problem solving.
C) provides a basis for discovering how some people are more intelligent.
D) takes into account all aspects of intellectual functioning.

Question 80

Why do some researchers believe chimpanzees have not mastered true human language?

A) Apes lack the physical ability to speak;they lack mental ability.
B) Apes can only mimic language;they do not make sense.
C) Apes use language to get rewards;they only communicate with humans.
D) Apes do not understand syntax;they do not use language spontaneously.