Deck 12: Personality Theories and Assessment

Question 1

Opposing adjectives are used to describe each trait in _______ of personality.

A) the five-factor model
B) Cattell's theory
C) Allport's theory
D) the situational mode

Answer 1

the five-factor model

Question 2

A ______ is a relatively enduring pattern of behavior that is relatively consistent across situations.

A) state
B) trait
C) characteristic
D) preference

Answer 2

trait

Question 3

In Allport's trait theory,the most common traits are _______ traits.

A) manifest
B) primary
C) secondary
D) central

Answer 3

central

Question 4

In Allport's personality theory,______ traits dominate a person's life.

A) inherited
B) secondary
C) central
D) cardinal

Question 5

Of Allport's categories of traits,which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) cardinal
D) central

Question 6

The traits of extraversion and neuroticism

A) were validated by MRI studies.
B) were not validated by MRI studies.
C) have been validated using PET scans only.
D) showed lowered MRI scans indicating lower brain activity.

Question 7

The way that a person acts,thinks,feels that are typical for that person but makes them different from others describes one's

A) personality.
B) socialization.
C) demeanor.
D) set point.

Question 8

Consensus that five basic traits provide a complete description of our personalities evolved because of

A) the work of trait theorists,Allport and Cattell.
B) improved statistical methods and experimental strategies.
C) the need to consolidate traits into a usable model.
D) the relative unimportance of many traits.

Question 9

Good-natured,softhearted,selfless,and forgiving are adjectives that describe a high degree of

A) conscientiousness.
B) agreeableness.
C) lovability.
D) neuroticism.

Question 10

Brains of neurotic persons shown sad scenes evoking negative emotions

A) showed increased amygdala activity.
B) showed decreased activity in the amygdale.
C) showed increases in activity in the cerebral cortex.
D) showed no changes in the cortical brain activity.

Question 11

Which of the following is the best definition of personality as a psychologist would study it?

A) the typical traits and qualities that make people different from each other
B) relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience
C) the organization of sensation into a meaningful interpretation
D) the pleasantness or sociability of an individual

Question 12

Whereas social learning theory is interested in _______ of personality,trait theories are interested in _______ of personality.

A) developing traits;developing explanations
B) describing the nature;explaining the origins
C) explaining the origins;describing the nature
D) the self-concept;other people's concept

Question 13

If Pam is rated as negligent,careless,and undependable on a personality test,which of the following personality traits may also be low?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) openness
D) extraversion

Question 14

A major trait,like altruism,that dominates a person's life is described by Allport as a _______ trait.

A) dominant
B) central
C) primary
D) cardinal

Question 15

Enduring and distinctive thoughts,emotions,and behaviors are the core areas in describing someone's

A) psychoanalytic case history.
B) superego development.
C) personality.
D) unconscious.

Question 16

According to Allport,the most important traits we possess are those traits

A) we inherit from our parents.
B) gained from watching society.
C) related to our values.
D) with which we are born.

Question 17

You took a personality test,and the results indicated you were high in extraversion and moderate in agreeableness.These are examples of

A) situational questions.
B) surface traits.
C) the "big five" personality traits.
D) projective test results.

Question 18

If you say that Karl will make a good college class president because he is outgoing and sensitive,you are subscribing to

A) humanism.
B) trait theory.
C) social learning theory.
D) situationalism.

Question 19

The five basic traits are thought to be relatively stable and to be influenced by ____________.

A) innumerable characteristics.
B) a primary trait.
C) ability and motivation.
D) inheritance and experiences.

Question 20

Mary reported that she was sociable,fun-loving,affectionate,talkative,and a joiner when she took a personality test.Mary would be described as high in

A) conscientiousness.
B) neuroticism.
C) extraversion.
D) agreeableness.

Question 21

A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult sex magazines.In Freud's theory,the source of this guilt is the

A) id.
B) anal stage.
C) ideal self.
D) superego.

Question 22

Generally speaking,collectivistic cultures tend to value

A) high-tech development over industrial development.
B) membership as a part of a group.
C) industrial development over agrarian development.
D) the individuality of each person.

Question 23

What is the primary function of the preconscious mind?

A) The contents of memory that we are currently processing.
B) Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness.
C) The contents of memory that we are unaware of permantently.
D) Memories that were once available but are now gone due to interference and decay.

Question 24

According to Freud,information that you are not currently aware of but can easily be recalled into awareness resides in the __________ mind.

A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 25

Which of the following Freudian terms is most closely synonymous with long-term memory?

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Question 26

Based on research,which of the following would best be attributed to someone living in a collectivistic culture?

A) They are likely to resort to physical aggression when conflict occurs.
B) They like to meet their own goals before meeting the company's goals.
C) When they have time off,they spend it with friends or family.
D) When they have conflict,they are likely to try to embarrass the other person.

Question 27

The storage of primitive instinctual motives and memories and emotions threatening to the conscious mind are stored in the

A) preconscious.
B) conscious.
C) unconscious.
D) subconscious.

Question 28

According to Freud,what are the three levels of consciousness?

A) repressed conscious,preconscious,unconscious
B) unconscious,preconscious,personal conscious
C) preconscious,collective unconscious,personal conscious
D) conscious,preconscious,unconscious

Question 29

In Freud's analogy of the mind,the ______ mind is the tip of the iceberg visible above the surface.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 30

What would Freud say is true about the contents of the unconscious mind?

A) It has no affect on normal living.
B) It is difficult to access.
C) It forms the conscience.
D) It is the product of learning.

Question 31

Freud claimed that the purpose of the unconscious mind is to

A) relieve short-term memory load.
B) enable sleep and dreaming.
C) hide threatening thoughts.
D) help break mind-sets in problem solving.

Question 32

What is the major responsibility of the ego?

A) to find socially acceptable ways for the id to be gratified
B) to prevent the death instinct from destroying the ego ideal
C) to fulfill the desire of the superego in moral matters
D) to make sure that the process of identification is not hampered

Question 33

The personality theory attributed to Sigmund Freud is known as ______ theory.

A) collectivistic
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) psychoanalytic

Question 34

When Freud explained that punishment is responsible for development of _______,he believed rewards were responsible in the development of the _______.

A) reality principle;pleasure principle
B) pleasure principle;reality principle
C) ego ideal;conscience
D) conscience;ego ideal

Question 35

When shown pictures of scenes that were happy or positive,highly extraverted people

A) showed less arousal than introverted persons.
B) showed more arousal than introverted people.
C) tended to become more subject to later depressions.
D) became dangerously manic in their behavior.

Question 36

Persons who score low on extraversion measures are said to be

A) introverts.
B) developmentally disabled.
C) neurotic.
D) normal.

Question 37

Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing the individual being caught between an internal devil tendency and an internal angel tendency.This devil tendency corresponds to the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) preconscious.

Question 38

The process of ______ involves the placement of troubling thoughts and memories into the unconscious mind.

A) characterization
B) observation
C) socialization
D) repression

Question 39

In Freud's personality theory,what do dreams and wishful desires have in common?

A) They are examples of sublimation.
B) They are examples of displacement.
C) They are examples of primary process thinking.
D) They are examples of preconscious determinants.

Question 40

Think about the amount of money in your checking and savings accounts.Before you read this request,this information was in your _______ mind.

A) subconscious
B) preconscious
C) repressed conscious
D) unconscious

Question 41

To prevent itself from being overwhelmed by excessive demands from the id and superego,the ego relies on

A) the Oedipus complex.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) the reality principle.
D) the pleasure principle.

Question 42

According to Freud,______ is the key step in the development of the superego.

A) repression
B) differentiation
C) sublimation
D) identification

Question 43

According to Freud,what is the primary function of the libido?

A) to protect from and prepare for death
B) to sustain and promote life
C) to repress uncontrollable thoughts
D) to encourage positive,healthy development

Question 44

In terms of the interests of society,the best form of displacement is referred to as

A) sublimation.
B) regression.
C) reaction formation.
D) fixation.

Question 45

Displacement can sometimes be good,such as substituting a socially desirable goal (for example,losing weight)for a socially undesirable goal (for example,bombing the grocery store).This process is called

A) subprocessing.
B) subconscious control.
C) sublimation.
D) substitution.

Question 46

Ida is prone to verbal hostility at the slightest provocation.Freud would most likely describe her personality as

A) oral expulsive.
B) oral aggressive.
C) oral receptive.
D) oral atypical.

Question 47

The development of morality rests with the ______ in Freudian personality theory.

A) superego
B) ego
C) id
D) primary process

Question 48

Children develop a superego through the process of

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) fixation.
D) identification.

Question 49

According to Freud,children between the ages of _______ and _______ become concerned with the size and functioning of the genitals.

A) birth;2 years
B) 2 years;3 years
C) 3 years;6 years
D) 7 years;11 years

Question 50

Redirecting instinctual urges of sex and aggression into socially acceptable behavior is called

A) denial.
B) sublimation.
C) identification.
D) ego idealism.

Question 51

According to psychoanalytic theory,displacement and identification are employed when there is

A) conflict between the id and the superego.
B) a lack of arousal in the id.
C) a lack of conflict and arousal in the ego.
D) conflict between the id and the ideal self.

Question 52

You had a lousy day at work.You really would like to hurt your boss,but you don't.Instead,on the highway driving home you honk at every person in your way.You have substituted your goal of hurting your boss for a more acceptable goal.This process is called

A) sublimation.
B) displacement.
C) identification.
D) reaction formation.

Question 53

The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the

A) oral stage.
B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) genital stage.

Question 54

The id,left unchecked,would lead a person into trouble because of the pursuit of selfish and aggressive behavior.It is the responsibility of the ______ to keep the id in check.

A) secondary process
B) primary process
C) superego
D) ego

Question 55

Seven-year-old Erika got mad at her school teacher but could not express her anger at her.After school,she took her frustration out on her four-year-old brother Jeff.In Freud's view,Erika exhibited signs of

A) projection.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) repression.

Question 56

Life instincts and death instincts are components of the

A) id.
B) preconscious.
C) ego.
D) subconscious.

Question 57

The Freudian part of personality called the id operates on the ______ principle.

A) reality
B) pain
C) pleasure
D) guilt

Question 58

If John is described as cruel,pushy,messy,and disorderly,Freud would refer to his personality as

A) oral aggressive.
B) anal retentive.
C) oral receptive.
D) anal expulsive.

Question 59

Freud believed that an individual's personality might become stuck in the patterns of an earlier psychosexual stage.He referred to this type of person as being

A) fixated.
B) repressed.
C) displaced.
D) sublimated.

Question 60

If you knew someone with an extremely violent temper and aggressive attitude who became a boxer,you might suspect that the person was engaged in

A) sublimation.
B) repression.
C) self-efficacy.
D) a death instinct.

Question 61

Adler criticized Freud for denying the importance of the human need for healthy

A) sexual gratification.
B) peak experiences.
C) social relationships.
D) repression.

Question 62

According to Jung,the part of the unconscious that people are born with and that they share is called the _______ unconscious.

A) personal
B) common
C) hereditary
D) collective

Question 63

The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during Freud's ______ stage of personality development.

A) oral
B) castration
C) latent
D) phallic

Question 64

Jung thought that personality could be explained in terms of the opposing conditions of

A) extroversion and introversion.
B) intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
C) heredity and environment.
D) conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.

Question 65

The terms extraversion and introversion are most accurately attributed to

A) Freud.
B) Jung.
C) Adler.
D) Horney.

Question 66

It was Freud's emphasis of ______ that led Carl Jung to break away from Freud and continue to develop his own ideas about human behavior without Freud.

A) sexual motivation
B) unconscious desire
C) oral-anal fixations
D) the Oedipal complex

Question 67

A child desires the affection of the opposite-sex parent and wants to eliminate the same-sex parent.According to Freudian theory,these feelings develop in the _______ stage.

A) phallic
B) genital
C) anal
D) oral

Question 68

What is the positive motive that Adler believed all persons are born with?

A) social interest
B) self-actualization
C) reciprocal determination
D) the reality principle

Question 69

Adler believed that the primary goal of personality development was to overcome

A) unconditional motivation.
B) anal-retentiveness.
C) feelings of inferiority.
D) low ego strength.

Question 70

The first psychosexual stage in Freud's personality theory is the ______ stage.

A) anal
B) oral
C) phallic
D) latent

Question 71

You have observed that Billy,a boy five-years old,has a strong,affectionate attachment to his mother.In Freudian theory,this is explained as the _______ complex.

A) anal
B) genital
C) Oedipus
D) Electra

Question 72

Most people intuitively understand that incest is wrong,even though they are not told this directly.Jung would explain that the incest taboo is part of the

A) innate id.
B) collective unconscious.
C) collective superego.
D) Electra complex.

Question 73

Characteristics such as stingy,obstinate,stubborn,and compulsive reflect someone fixated in the ______ stage.

A) anal expulsive
B) oral dependent
C) anal retentive
D) oral aggressive

Question 74

Among those who have revised Freud's psychoanalytic theory,who has been the most influential?

A) Karen Horney
B) Alfred Adler
C) John Watson
D) Albert Bandura

Question 75

If a child developed a need to be perfect,Horney would say that the child developed

A) feelings of inferiority.
B) anxious insecurity.
C) social interest.
D) an ego ideal.

Question 76

Children are dependent on their parents for protection and support.According to Adler,this situation is the source for one's

A) psychosexual development.
B) feelings of superiority.
C) self-actualization.
D) feelings of inferiority.

Question 77

The parts of the body which become the primary outlets of sexual energy are known as ______ zones.

A) erogenous
B) erroneous
C) proximal
D) enlightenment

Question 78

In what way did Jung disapprove of Freud's theory of personality? He disagreed with Freud's

A) emphasis on the unconscious.
B) negative view of the human condition.
C) ideas about innate motives.
D) idea called the collective unconscious.

Question 79

Jung believed that certain motives,conflicts,and information have been repressed into the unconscious because they are threatening to us.He called this part of the mind the

A) collective unconscious.
B) introverted consciousness.
C) personal unconscious.
D) reciprocal consciousness.

Question 80

To develop a healthy personality,Adler believed people must

A) develop feelings of superiority.
B) repress the development of the id.
C) become fully self-actualized.
D) fulfill the social interest motive.