Deck 13: Stress and Health

Question 1

Sigrid is feeling stress because she is afraid of losing her job to downsizing.What is the source of Sigrid's stress?

A) avoidance-avoidance conflict
B) double approach-avoidance conflict
C) pressure
D) frustration

Answer 1

pressure

Question 2

The most costly adjustment a person can report on the social readjustment scale is

A) being fired from work.
B) death of a spouse.
C) having a child.
D) being jailed.

Answer 2

death of a spouse.

Question 3

The presence of two or more powerful motives,both having highly attractive goals,but only one of which can be attained,are the ingredients for

A) inhibition.
B) frustration.
C) conflict.
D) coping.

Answer 3

conflict.

Question 4

In an avoidance-avoidance conflict,a person must choose between ______ outcomes.

A) multiple positive
B) positive and negative
C) multiple negative
D) positive and neutral

Question 5

Going to college means that you will meet new friends,gain freedom,increase job options,and so on.It also means the possibility of failure,leaving old friends,and so on.Thus,going to college may present a(n)

A) avoidance reaction.
B) multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
C) negative approach gradient.
D) approach-approach conflict.

Question 6

Nelson has been offered a promotion to a promising job position in a small town in an isolated area.He likes the town he lives in,his children love their school,but his present job is a dead-end job with little chance for promotion.Nelson is tense,upset,and is not sleeping well at night.He is experiencing a(n)_______ conflict.

A) anxiety
B) frustration
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) multiple approach-avoidance

Question 7

During the 1960s in the United States,many males were faced with the choice of going to Vietnam and fighting in a war they did not believe in,or deserting,an act that meant giving up personal freedom.This was an example of a(n)_______ conflict.

A) approach-avoidance
B) approach-approach
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) double avoidance-approach

Question 8

A situation,circumstance,or event that threatens the individual and requires some form of coping mechanism best defines

A) conflict.
B) stress.
C) frustration.
D) pressure.

Question 9

The area in psychology that studies factors surrounding health,lifestyles,and health care is called _______ psychology.

A) medical
B) lifespan
C) fitness
D) health

Question 10

Carla received a ticket for speeding that she feels is unjust.She can pay the ticket and forget it,or she can hire a lawyer,pay her fees,and perhaps be vindicated for being unjustly charged.Carla is tense and upset because she is experiencing a(n)_______ conflict.

A) approach-approach
B) approach-avoidance
C) negative-approach
D) frustration

Question 11

Steve dislikes the thought of staying in school but does not want to work either.Which type of conflict is at work here?

A) approach-approach
B) avoidance-avoidance
C) approach-avoidance
D) double approach-approach

Question 12

The specialization known as ______ psychology seeks to improve physical well-being.

A) health
B) abnormal
C) personality
D) social

Question 13

When the occurrence of an event causes an individual's ability to cope to be exceeded,______ occurs.

A) sublimation
B) stress
C) satiation
D) sobriety

Question 14

Stress arising from negative events is called

A) aggression.
B) frustration.
C) anger.
D) pressure.

Question 15

If you are in a situation where no choice can be made and the only option involves both positive and negative aspects,this is an _______ conflict.

A) approach-approach
B) approach-avoidance
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) undeterminable

Question 16

Suppose you have a choice between staying home alone for the weekend or going to visit your aunt,neither of which you really want to do.Which type of conflict are you experiencing?

A) approach-approach
B) approach-avoidance
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) double approach-avoidance

Question 17

After your checkup,your physician tells you that you must lower your life change units.Specifically,she is trying to tell you to

A) lower your blood sugar level.
B) lower your stress level.
C) reduce your level of conflict.
D) avoid repressing your thoughts.

Question 18

An approach-approach conflict may be defined as a conflict in which an individual must choose between

A) two positive goals of unequal value.
B) two or more negative goals.
C) two positive goals of approximately equal value.
D) alternatives that contain both positive and negative properties.

Question 19

You enjoyed your general psychology course so much that you decided to register for more psychology courses next semester.However,you are among the last to register and all the desirable psychology courses are already filled.The stress you are feeling is the result of

A) frustration.
B) conflict.
C) pressure.
D) personality inadequacy.

Question 20

Which of the following would be the best example of an approach-approach conflict?

A) choosing between going to the dentist or getting your car repaired
B) choosing between one good job offer and a second good job offer
C) choosing between going to the pool or getting your car repaired
D) choosing between studying for your final or applying to graduate school

Question 21

What is the body's natural disease-fighting system called?

A) the suppression system
B) the immune system
C) the autonomic system
D) the parasympathetic system

Question 22

Which of the following is true about stress reactions?

A) They produce a physiological reaction only.
B) Psychological reactions happen independently of physiological reactions.
C) They produce both a physiological and psychological reactions.
D) Physiological reactions differ depending on the stressor.

Question 23

Which of the following is one of the aspects of providing social support to help buffer against stress?

A) reminisce about past experiences
B) reexamine job requirements
C) redefine the stressful event
D) receive advice and solace

Question 24

The fact that younger widows tend to be depressed for longer periods of time after the death of their spouse compared to older widows shows the influence of _______ factors on stress reactions.

A) developmental
B) prior experience
C) control
D) person variables

Question 25

How does the sympathetic nervous system respond during the alarm reaction of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) It increases blood flow to the intestines.
B) It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
C) It decreases perspiration.
D) It does all of these.

Question 26

Jack has had a nervous breakdown after spending the last three years trying to prevent his business from collapsing.From the point of view of the general adaptation syndrome,Jack is in which stage of response to stress?

A) the alarm-reaction phase
B) the acceptance phase
C) the repressor stage
D) the exhaustion stage

Question 27

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body enter a temporary state of shock?

A) avoidance
B) exhaustion
C) resistance
D) alarm

Question 28

The more predictable a stressful event is,the _______ the reaction to the event.

A) less healthy
B) less beneficial
C) more stressful
D) less stressful

Question 29

The first step in responding to stress is often the production of hormones and the mobilization of bodily resources.This first stage is referred to as the

A) avoidance reaction stage.
B) resistance stage.
C) alarm reaction stage.
D) adjustment phase.

Question 30

The general adaptation syndrome approach to understanding the body's reaction to stress was suggested by

A) Selye.
B) Freud.
C) Skinner.
D) Bandura.

Question 31

Which individuals are least likely to respond to negative life events with depression and anxiety?

A) people with little control
B) people with poor social support
C) people with good social support
D) people with no prior experience

Question 32

The body's natural disease-fighting system is the ______ system.

A) sympathetic
B) skeletal
C) endocrine
D) immune

Question 33

The last stage of the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm.
B) resistance.
C) exhaustion.
D) plateau.

Question 34

Peter has gotten through the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.What will happen to him next?

A) He will enter the withdrawal stage.
B) He will experience countershock.
C) He will enter the resistance stage.
D) He will enter the exhaustion stage.

Question 35

A college senior is more likely to know how to handle examination stress and therefore will be under less stress than an incoming freshman.Which of the following factors that influence reactions to stress does this illustrate?

A) predictability and control
B) prior experience with stress
C) social support
D) physiological factors producing stress

Question 36

In a study,autonomic arousal was measured while one group received electric shock 95 % of the time,a second received electric shock 50%of the time,and a third received electric shock 5% of the time.The group that was shocked 5% of the time showed the most arousal due to the influence of what factor?

A) increased withdrawal
B) increased conflict
C) lowered predictability
D) lowered immune functioning

Question 37

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome would increases in heart rate,blood pressure,perspiration,and blood sugar be detected?

A) autonomic phase
B) alarm reaction
C) resistance
D) exhaustion

Question 38

High levels of depression are ______ among individuals undergoing stress.

A) uncommon
B) common
C) rare
D) non-existent

Question 39

Upsetting emotions and depression may affect the immune system by

A) reducing the body's resistance to disease.
B) increasing the resistance of the autonomic nervous system.
C) reducing the response time of a person's general adaptation response.
D) increasing tolerance to microstressors.

Question 40

With repeated exposures to stressful situations,a person's general stress level

A) increases.
B) disappears.
C) decreases.
D) remains constant.

Question 41

The positive effects of marriage for both males and females can be explained in part because

A) healthy people get married more often than ill persons.
B) married people avoid risks.
C) unmarried people are more self-destructive.
D) all of the above are possible explanations.

Question 42

Regarding the risk of coronary heart disease,which type of hostility has a lower risk?

A) physical aggression
B) highly insulting
C) verbal abuse
D) chronically suspicious

Question 43

Married persons,compared to people who are single in their adult years,

A) have the same levels of health.
B) have lowered levels of benefits compared to single persons.
C) experience happier but not healthier lives.
D) have greater health benefits.

Question 44

Minorities in most cultures experience stress differently.Compared to the majority groups,

A) minorities have stress as a result of prejudice and discrimination from stereotypes.
B) minorities are stressed by observed changes in family members,usually children.
C) minorities are stressed by pressure from other minorities to not change.
D) All of the above are stressors to members of minority groups.

Question 45

Which of the following characteristics best matches with the Type A personality?

A) understanding
B) easy-going
C) hard-driving
D) patient

Question 46

Married people tend to be ______ than those not in committed relationships.

A) less monogamous
B) far healthier
C) less sexually active
D) not as healthy

Question 47

John is widely regarded as a workaholic.He has not had a day off in the last five years and goes to work even when he is ill.On most days,he is driven to produce at least twice as much as anyone else.John's pattern of behavior is consistent with __________ personality.

A) a repressor
B) a sensitizer
C) the Type A
D) the double-avoidance

Question 48

Marriage seems to benefit men more than women,according to your text,because

A) women have many more criticisms of their marriage than men.
B) women have more social supports outside of marriage.
C) wives often urge husbands to lead healthier lifestyles.
D) single/divorced men lead less safe lives.

Question 49

Denise always feels like she's running out of time.She rarely takes a vacation and finds it hard to relax at home.She demands perfection of herself and is competitive in all arenas of her life.Denise can be labeled a

A) sensitizer.
B) Type B personality.
C) repressor.
D) Type A personality.

Question 50

A stressful event can be perceived as less stressful if you believe you

A) strongly believe in religion.
B) have a solution to the problem.
C) cannot predict the stress.
D) have control over the stress.

Question 51

The component of Type A behavior that is most closely related to coronary heart disease is

A) time urgency.
B) repression.
C) hostile aggression.
D) achievement motivation.

Question 52

What effect has been demonstrated by "getting something off your chest?"

A) more visits to the therapist
B) increased medical and health problems
C) learning not to trust others with secrets
D) fewer health problems six months later

Question 53

How does prior experience with stress influence our ability to deal with future stress?

A) Eventually all possible stressful events are experiences,causing no more stress.
B) Each stressful event is handled uniquely,with no influence from past events.
C) The more previous experience with stress,the better future stress is handled.
D) The more stress accumulates overall,the worse the reaction to future stress.

Question 54

The idea that individuals respond in certain ways based on the setting is known as

A) the social loafing effect.
B) person x situation interactionism.
C) the just world phenomenon.
D) the contextual situational effect.

Question 55

Psychologists have identified a hard-driving,achievement-oriented,coronary-prone personality pattern.This pattern is called a __________ personality.

A) Type A
B) dissonant
C) hot
D) sensitizer

Question 56

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Type A personality?

A) extremely healthy
B) perfectionistic
C) effective coping
D) prone to cancer

Question 57

The idea that if you think about the stress differently,the stress may not have as much as a detrimental effect on you is known as the ______ of stress.

A) appraisal
B) transduction
C) excitation
D) modification

Question 58

The ______ social support a person has,the ______ effect of stress on that person.

A) more;less
B) less;less
C) type of;more
D) more;more

Question 59

The personal characteristics of how we respond to stressful situations are known as ______ variables.

A) dependent
B) person
C) independent
D) correlated

Question 60

Compared to others,people with a Type A personality tend to

A) experience greater physiological arousal in competitive situations.
B) experience less physiological arousal in situations where they must do nothing but sit.
C) have extremely effective coping styles in competitive situations.
D) have depressed nervous activity in response to frustrating failure experiences.

Question 61

Effective coping involves _______,whereas ineffective coping involves _______.

A) removing the source of stress;withdrawing from the stress
B) defense mechanisms;managing stress reactions
C) aggression;frustration
D) repression;sensitization

Question 62

Members of a minority culture experience _____ stress as compared to those members of the majority culture.

A) less
B) more
C) almost no
D) minimal

Question 63

Changing the way we think about the stressful events in our lives in an attempt to reduce stress is called

A) reaffirmation.
B) refocusing.
C) reframing.
D) reappraisal.

Question 64

People sometimes respond to frustration by trying to ignore it or to escape from it.This tendency is referred to as

A) sublimation.
B) reaction formation.
C) suppression.
D) withdrawal.

Question 65

Based on research,one effective technique in coping with stress is stress

A) removal.
B) redefinition.
C) amplification.
D) reexamination.

Question 66

According to research,women's reactions to stress tend to be more

A) fight or flight.
B) out of sight,out of mind.
C) tend and befriend.
D) stress and storm.

Question 67

Which of the following is a common form of managing stress reactions?

A) relaxation activities
B) getting rid of the source of stress
C) eating comfort foods high in carbohydrates
D) committing to do better next time

Question 68

Jeff used a coping strategy that was ineffective because it distorted reality.What kind of strategy did he use?

A) cognitive coping
B) a defense mechanism
C) sensitization
D) stress removal

Question 69

Although self-medication is a common method of coping with stress,it has generally been found to be

A) moderately effective.
B) ineffective.
C) inexpensive.
D) highly effective.

Question 70

If you use defense mechanisms to cope with stress,you are using a(n)_______ coping strategy.

A) aggressive
B) beneficial
C) preventative
D) ineffective

Question 71

People with the Type A behavior pattern who used effective coping skills experienced a decrease in

A) heart attacks and early death.
B) their life events score.
C) approach-approach conflicts.
D) approach-avoidance conflicts.

Question 72

You are worried about losing your job so much that you are motivated to do extra research for a job requirement.This conversion of stress into socially approved activities is the defense mechanism of

A) sublimation.
B) denial.
C) regression.
D) repression.

Question 73

Attempts to deal with the source of stress or to control our reactions to it,or both,describe

A) the alarm reaction.
B) exhaustion.
C) coping.
D) frustration.

Question 74

You have been caught in a lie by your spouse but instead you turn it around and accuse your spouse of doing the lying.This is the defense mechanism known as

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.

Question 75

After two semesters of making the dean's list,Maria had a semester of poor grades.She was quite upset by this and thought she should drop out of college.Her roommate convinced her she was in a temporary "sophomore slump," and soon Maria was back to her usual good performance.This is an example of coping with stress by

A) removing stress.
B) withdrawal.
C) cognitive coping.
D) stress management exercises.

Question 76

You yell at your best friend when you are really angry with your college professor.This is the defense mechanism of

A) denial.
B) projection.
C) reaction formation.
D) displacement.

Question 77

Based on research,while marriage is good for both men and women,it is better for

A) attorneys.
B) children.
C) men.
D) women.

Question 78

Withdrawing from stress means that you _______ the stress.

A) avoid
B) confront
C) erase
D) dissolve

Question 79

After being promoted to department head,Bill found the job to be uncomfortable and highly stressful.Ultimately,Bill resigned from the position and returned to his former job,where he reported being much happier.Which method of coping with stress did Bill use?

A) managing stress reactions,an effective coping method
B) withdrawal,an ineffective coping method
C) removing stress,an effective coping method
D) excessive use of defense mechanisms,an ineffective coping method

Question 80

In Freudian terms,the ego uses ______ unconsciously to discharge tension and stress.

A) dream analysis
B) word association
C) defense mechanisms
D) catharsis