Deck 10: Water and the Electrolytes

Question 1

What is the water found inside cells of the body?

A)amniotic fluid.
B)extracellular fluid.
C)intracellular fluid.
D)interstitial fluid.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the role of water in urine?

A)transport waste products out of the body.
B)provide a medium for chemical reactions.
C)detoxify.
D)maintain acid-base balance.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Why is water a good solvent?

A)it contains sodium and chloride ions.
B)it dissolves lipids.
C)it emulsifies lipids.
D)it is polar.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which body tissue has the lowest water content?

A)blood.
B)bone.
C)fat.
D)muscle.

Question 5

What circumstances will most effectively draws water from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries?

A)The presence,in the capillaries,of higher fluid pressure and a higher solute concentration.
B)The presence,in the capillaries,of lower fluid pressure and a lower solute concentration.
C)The presence,in the capillaries of higher fluid pressure and a lower solute concentration.
D)The presence,in the capillaries,of lower fluid pressure and a higher solute concentration.

Question 6

Extracellular fluid does NOT include which fluid?

A)blood.
B)lymph.
C)fluid within cells.
D)interstitial fluid.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an example of insensible water loss?

A)vapor lost in respiration
B)moisture loss from skin
C)fluid loss in diarrhea
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 8

What is the largest source of water intake?

A)water generated by metabolism.
B)water in the fluids we drink.
C)water in the food we eat.
D)All water sources contribute equally.

Question 9

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A)to wash away dirt.
B)to lubricate joints.
C)to provide a protective cushion around the developing fetus.
D)to lubricate the mouth.

Question 10

How is water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?

A)active transport.
B)diffusion.
C)osmosis.
D)specific receptors.

Question 11

If sugar is sprinkled on a strawberry,how will osmosis cause water to move?

A)out of the strawberry,causing it to become bigger.
B)out of the strawberry,causing it to become smaller.
C)into the strawberry,causing it to become bigger.
D)into the strawberry,causing it to become smaller.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an explanation of how water helps to regulate normal body temperature?

A)water holds heat and changes temperature slowly.
B)when body temperature rises,sweat is produced which evaporates to cool the body.
C)when body temperature falls,blood flow near the surface is restricted,conserving body heat.
D)when body temperature falls,blood flow near the surface is increased to warm the body.

Question 13

What is responsible of the polarity of water?

A)its activity as an ion.
B)the equal sharing of electrons between the oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms.
C)additional time electrons spend around the oxygen atoms compared to the hydrogen atoms.
D)additional time electrons spend around the hydrogen atoms compared to the oxygen atoms.

Question 14

Osmosis does not require which of the following?

A)glucose.
B)a membrane.
C)solutes.
D)water.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?

A)providing a medium for chemical reactions
B)regulating hunger and appetite
C)regulating body temperature
D)transporting nutrients

Question 16

Which statement best describes pH of 7.4?

A)slightly basic.
B)slightly acidic.
C)very basic.
D)very acidic.

Question 17

"Fluid can be lost from the body in ways that are NOT obvious or noticeable." What is being described?

A)insensible losses.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)transitory losses.
D)undetectable losses.

Question 18

What happens to the sodium and chloride ion when salt is dissolved in water?

A)they associate.
B)they dissociate.
C)both sodium and chloride form negatively-charged ions
D)they form a covalent bond.

Question 19

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in an increased need for water?

A)taking a calcium supplement daily
B)eating a high fibre diet
C)eating a high protein diet
D)lactation

Question 20

What is the reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of wate?

A)exchange
B)replacement
C)hydrolysis
D)condensation

Question 21

Which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration?

A)an athlete,exercising in hot weather
B)an elderly woman,just returning from a 4-hour airplane flight
C)a child with diarrhea
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 22

Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream?

A)absorption hormone (AH)
B)antidiruretic hormone (ADH)
C)calcitonin
D)parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 23

Where is most of the salt consumed by Canadians found?

A)found naturally in food.
B)added during home preparation.
C)added at the table.
D)added to food during processing and manufacturing.

Question 24

Which is NOT a good sources of potassium?

A)tomatoes.
B)bananas.
C)snack crackers.
D)potatoes.

Question 25

Which does NOT function in maintenance of electrolyte concentrations in and outside of the cell?

A)sodium potassium ATPase.
B)an active transport system.
C)a concentration gradient.
D)the depolarization of cells.

Question 26

Canadians have a high intake of which minerals? A low intake?

A)High: sodium;Low: potassium and chloride.
B)High: sodium;Low: phosphorous.
C)High: iron;Low: potassium.
D)High: sodium and chloride;Low:potassium.

Question 27

Why are fluid requirements for infants proportionately greater than those for adults?

A)infants have less surface area for evaporation.
B)infants are more active than adults.
C)infants weigh less than adults.
D)infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about bottled water is NOT true?

A)Some Canadians perceive bottled water as safer to drink than tap water.
B)The majority of Canadian households use it as their main source of drinking water.
C)Plastic bottles consume much more energy in production and disposal,than fillable bottles
D)Canadians often select bottled water because they prefer its taste.

Question 29

"The sensation of thirst often lags behind the need for water." What is being described?

A)a reason why short-term water-balance can be difficult to maintain.
B)a reason why an athlete can easily regulate water intake during competition.
C)a reason why fever is does not impact water balance
D)a reason why there is a powerful urge to drink

Question 30

Which symptoms are common to both dehydration and water intoxication?

A)Mental confusion
B)Dry mouth
C)Dark-coloured urine
D)hyponatremia

Question 31

Which is NOT a reason why salt is added to processed food?

A)balance the electrolytes.
B)inhibit the growth of bacteria.
C)enhance flavour.
D)act as a preservative.

Question 32

On which minerals does nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend?minerals:

A)chloride and potassium.
B)phosphorous and calcium.
C)sodium and fluoride.
D)sodium and potassium.

Question 33

What are substances that separate into positively and negatively charged ions in water?

A)solvents.
B)non-polar.
C)electrolytes.
D)inert.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body?

A)Both sodium and potassium are primarily intracellular.
B)Both sodium and potassium are primarily extracellular.
C)Sodium is primarily intracellular and potassium is primarily extracellular.
D)Sodium is primarily extracellular and potassium is primarily intracellular.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the absorption of sodium,chloride,and potassium from the diet is TRUE?

A)The majority of these electrolytes are absorbed.
B)The majority of these electrolytes pass through the digestive tract and out of the body.
C)The body only absorbs what it needs from dietary sources.
D)Minor changes in intake from day to day can upset the homeostatic mechanism.

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT result from drinking a large amount of water after a long period of excessive sweating?

A)dilution of the sodium in the blood.
B)water toxicity.
C)nausea,muscle cramps,and confusion.
D)rebound dehydration.

Question 37

Which does NOT occur when a nerve cell depolarizes?

A)an electrical current is generated.
B)a muscle contracts.
C)the cell membrane's permeability to sodium changes.
D)a nerve impulse is sent.

Question 38

Sodium,chloride,and potassium in the body are examples of which group of compounds?

A)dissociates.
B)electrolytes.
C)phytates.
D)solvents.

Question 39

Why does an electrical charge or membrane potential exist across nerve cell membranes?

A)The cell membrane is permeable to sodium ions.
B)The cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out of the cell than to leak in.
C)The membrane is impermeable to all ions.
D)Water can flow freely across the membrane.

Question 40

Which statement accurately describes diet composition for during human history?

A)It has always been high in salt.
B)It been higher in potassium and lower in sodium than today.
C)It has been lower in both sodium and potassium than today.
D)It has been higher in both sodium and potassium than today.

Question 41

Which of the following acts to increase blood pressure?

A)angiotensin II
B)calcitonin
C)estrogen
D)vitamin D

Question 42

Which does NOT occur when the concentration of sodium in the blood rises?

A)renin is released.
B)water moves into the blood.
C)blood pressure increases.
D)blood volume increases.

Question 43

Which is a consequence of electrolyte imbalance?

A)sudden heart failure.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)disturbed acid-base balance.
D)Both a and c.

Question 44

"For most people with hypertension,the disease has no obvious cause." What is being described?

A)essential hypertension
B)secondary hypertension.
C)consequence of kidney disease
D)consequence of diets high in sodium.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is NOT a cause of electrolyte toxicity

A)competing in endurance sports
B)compromised kidney function
C)excessive potassium supplementation.
D)drinking seawater

Question 46

Which statement best describes the approach of the Sodium Working Group to sodium reduction?

A)to first reduce average sodium intake to 2300 mg/day and then reduce it further so that 95% of Canadians consume less than the 2300 mg/day,mainly by having the food industry reformulate their products
B)to reduce average sodium intake to 1500 mg/day in one step,mainly by having the food industry reformulate their products
C)to to first reduce average sodium intake to 2300 mg/day and then reduce it further so that 95% of Canadians consume less than the 2300 mg/day,through intensive education of the general public so they can make proper food choices;the food industry would not be involved
D)to reduce average sodium intake to 1500 mg/day in one step,through intensive education of the general public so they can make proper food choices;the food industry would not be involved

Question 47

What are the criteria used ot set the AI for sodium?

A)the maximum amount of sodium that avoids adverse effects.
B)an amount that replaces sodium lost in sweat
C)an amount of sodium that also permits a nutritionally-balanced diet
D)Both b & c.

Question 48

Which organ is responsible for regulating the concentrations of sodium and chloride in the body?

A)brain
B)kidneys
C)liver
D)pancreas

Question 49

What is the criterion of adequacy used to set the AI for potassium?

A)an amount that is the same as the AI for sodium
B)an amount that prevents heart failure
C)an amount that will lower blood pressure
D)an amount that permits muscle contraction

Question 50

Which is LEAST likely to contribute to hypertension?

A)high levels of carbonated beverage consumption
B)lack of physical activity
C)heavy alcohol consumption
D)stress

Question 51

Katie has just consumed a large bowl of canned soup,which is very high in sodium.She is salt-sensitive.How will her body react,compared to someone who is not salt-sensitive?

A)Katie will excrete sodium more readily and her blood vessels will dilate,causing her blood pressure to remain normal.
B)Katie will excrete sodium more slowly and her blood vessels will constrict,causing her blood pressure to rise.
C)Katie will excrete sodium more readily and her blood vessels will contrict,causing her blood pressure to remain rise.
D)Katie will excrete sodium at the same rate and her blood vessels will dilate,causing her blood pressure to remain normal.

Question 52

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption?

A)aldosterone.
B)renin.
C)angiotensin.
D)adrenal.

Question 53

Which is NOT a consequence of high blood pressure?

A)increased diabetes risk.
B)weakened and damaged artery walls.
C)a heart that if forced to work harder
D)increase the risk of stroke.

Question 54

Under what conditions do electrolyte deficiencies arise?

A)when people do not choose foods carefully.
B)when losses are extreme e.g.diarrhea or excessive sweating
C)when fewer than 8 glasses of water are consumed per day.
D)when cold and flu medications are consumed

Question 55

Which mineral can cause in increased blood volume,fluid retention,and incidence of hypertension?

A)potassium
B)magnesium
C)sodium
D)calcium

Question 56

What condition has been linked to diets high in sodium?

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)hypertension.
D)thyroid disease.

Question 57

What is a healthy blood pressure?

A)120/80 mm of mercury or less.
B)140/90 mm of mercury or less.
C)160/100 mm of mercury or less.
D)between 120/80 and 140/90.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT an electrolytes?

A)bicarbonate
B)calcium
C)magnesium
D)chlorine

Question 59

What criteria is required in order to make the disease risk reduction claim related to blood pressure?

A)the food must be low in sodium and high in potassium.
B)the food must be low in sodium
C)the food must be high in potassium.
D)the food must be low in sodium and low in potassium.

Question 60

Which is NOT part of the Sodium Working Group's strategy for sodium reduction?

A)reducing sodium levels in processed foods and restaurant foods through the development of sodium reduction targets and voluntary product reformulation by the food industry to meet these targets.
B)increasing education and awareness about sodium reduction in the food industry and health care professions.
C)offering free blood pressure screening and dietary assessments.
D)increasing research in health effects of sodium,food reformulation,and policy implementation.

Question 61

The risk of hypertension is lowest for which of the following groups?

A)non-Hispanic whites
B)African Americans
C)obese individuals
D)diabetics

Question 62

Compared to a typical Western diet which is high in sodium,low in fibre,and high in saturated fat,which eating plan is likely to produce the greatest drop in blood pressure?

A)A diet based on Canada's Food Guide in combination with high sodium levels.
B)The DASH eating plan in combination with low sodium intake.
C)The DASH eating plan in combination with intermediate sodium levels.
D)A diet based on Canada's Food Guide in combination with intermediate sodium levels.

Question 63

Studies have indicated that the DASH diet has which of the following effects?

A)altered kidney function.
B)lowered potassium levels.
C)lowered magnesiumintake.
D)changes in blood pressure.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a tip for reducing sodium intake?

A)Use food labels to select foods low in sodium.
B)Prepare meals from scratch to control the amount of salt added.
C)Drink 8-10 glasses of water per day to dilute salt in diet.
D)Cut down on the consumption of processed cheese.

Question 65

Which statement best describes the food groups recommended by the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension)plan?

A)a diet high in fruits and vegetables with no dairy foods
B)a diet high in fruits,vegetables,and high in low-fat dairy foods
C)a diet high in grains and high-protein foods,but low in dairy foods
D)a diet containing high-protein foods such as meat and also high in full-fat dairy foods.

Question 66

Which statement best describes the composition of the DASH diet?

A)high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium.
B)high in sodium while low in calcium,magnesium,and potassium.
C)high in potassium,calcium,and magnesium while moderate in sodium.
D)high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium.