Deck 12: Personality Theories and Assessment

Question 1

According to Allport,which of the following types of traits is rare?

A) central
B) cardinal
C) none of these
D) secondary

Answer 1

cardinal

Question 2

Which of the following statements would be supported by trait theorists?

A) Most traits appear to be stable,but they actually change frequently over the course of our lifetime.
B) Trait theories are valuable in the explanation of behavior.
C) personality traits are learned through experience,and genetics play no role.
D) the personalities of nonhuman animals appear to be characterized by the same basic traits.

Answer 2

the personalities of nonhuman animals appear to be characterized by the same basic traits.

Question 3

Personality is defined in part by:

A) human nature.
B) unpredictability.
C) one's thoughts,actions,and feelings.
D) cultural conditioning.

Answer 3

one's thoughts,actions,and feelings.

Question 4

An assumption shared by both Allport's trait theory and the five-factor trait theory is that:

A) people can be adequately described by over 50 core traits.
B) traits are relatively stable across the life span.
C) most traits are genetically determined.
D) traits are not inherited but are learned through experience.

Question 5

There is considerable consensus among contemporary trait theorists that ______ core traits characterize the essential dimensions of human personality.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 150

Question 6

Negligent,careless,lazy,and disorganized are characteristics that describe a person:

A) low in neuroticism.
B) low in agreeableness.
C) high in neuroticism.
D) low in conscientiousness.

Question 7

One's personality is:

A) relatively predictable.
B) relatively fluid.
C) defined by academic experiences.
D) defined by the opinions of others.

Question 8

According to Allport's theory:

A) there are very few individuals who display cardinal traits that dominate their lives.
B) all traits can be organized under five specific trait dimensions.
C) secondary traits are less common than are personal dispositions.
D) secondary traits are more general than are common traits

Question 9

Which two terms are important to the definition of personality?

A) typical and different
B) culture and learning
C) stable and unpredictable
D) unstable and unexpected

Question 10

According to Allport,personality traits that permeate everything we do are:

A) primary traits.
B) cardinal traits.
C) common traits.
D) central traits.

Question 11

How do trait theories differ from other personality theories?

A) They offer insights into how traits are incorporated into the personality.
B) They are more concerned with describing personality,not with explaining it.
C) They are focused on predicting how an individual will act in a situation.
D) They search for the genetic origins of specific traits.

Question 12

According to the "big-five" personality factors,a high degree of openness would be the opposite of a high degree of:

A) irritability.
B) narrow-mindedness.
C) extraversion.
D) neglectfulness.

Question 13

Relatively enduring personality patterns that are relatively consistent across situations are called:

A) traits.
B) behaviors.
C) thoughts.
D) emotions.

Question 14

Which of the following MOST accurately describes Allport's concept of a secondary trait?

A) Secondary traits are not genetically determined but are learned through experience.
B) Secondary traits are unique responses to relatively specific situations.
C) Secondary traits are common to almost all individuals in all situations.
D) Secondary traits influence and organize much of an individual's behavior across situations.

Question 15

Hannah's friends describe her as "self-conscious and insecure,yet careful and well-organized." According to the "big-five" personality dimensions,Hannah would be:

A) low in conscientiousness but high in neuroticism.
B) high in extroversion but low in openness.
C) high in neuroticism and high in conscientiousness.
D) low in agreeableness and low in extroversion.

Question 16

Stacy is described by her friends as reliable,hard working,creative,and original.According to the "big- five" personality dimensions,Soleki would be described as high in:

A) neuroticism and agreeableness.
B) conscientiousness and extroversion.
C) openness and extroversion.
D) conscientiousness and openness.

Question 17

Allport called personality traits that dominate virtually every aspect of one's life:

A) central traits.
B) primary traits.
C) cardinal traits.
D) common traits.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the "big-five" personality factors?

A) sense of humor
B) neuroticism
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness

Question 19

In the terminology of the "big-five" personality factors,neuroticism refers to one's degree of:

A) friendliness.
B) anxiety.
C) organizational skills.
D) risk-taking.

Question 20

Personality is defined as:

A) one's ability to appeal to others.
B) creativity,sociability,and sense of humor.
C) the important accomplishments in one's life.
D) one's distinctive yet stable pattern of behavior.

Question 21

Freud characterized the preconscious mind as a mind that:

A) is presently in awareness.
B) can be easily brought into awareness.
C) is difficult to access.
D) can never be brought into awareness.

Question 22

"Immediate gratification" is MOST synonymous with Freud's concept of the:

A) ego.
B) ego ideal.
C) id.
D) superego.

Question 23

Cross-cultural research attempting to validate the five-factor model of personality traits has suggested that the personality traits present in different cultures are ____________,and the average levels of various characteristics are ____________.

A) different;different
B) different;similar
C) similar;different
D) similar;similar

Question 24

When someone mentions his name,you are flooded with memories of a former teacher you hadn't thought about in years.According to Freud,this information must have been held in your:

A) conscious.
B) unconscious.
C) preconscious.
D) subconscious.

Question 25

The research demonstrating differences in the brains of extroverts and introverts are intriguing because they support the:

A) importance of genetics in personality.
B) validity of the trait in humans.
C) idea that extroverts have the potential to be more successful than introverts.
D) effect of conditioning on personality development.

Question 26

According to Freud,memories and emotions that are too threatening are relegated to the:

A) conscious mind.
B) unconscious mind.
C) preconscious mind.
D) subconscious mind.

Question 27

According to Freud,the id:

A) evaluates behavior by comparing it to rules taught by parents and society.
B) uses logic to make rational decisions.
C) seeks to fulfill biological needs as quickly as possible.
D) strives for a feeling of superiority over others.

Question 28

Kerry experienced a traumatic rape when she was young.According to Freud,Kerry's memories and emotions about this event that are in her unconscious mind were pushed there through the process of:

A) repression.
B) instinct.
C) displacement.
D) sublimation.

Question 29

According to Freud,the unconscious mind contains:

A) memories that can be retrieved if reminded of them.
B) knowledge learned so long ago that it can never be accessed.
C) all the information that has ever entered your senses whether you were aware of it or not.
D) instinctual urges.

Question 30

Western cultures are generally considered to be ____________ cultures;Asian cultures are generally considered to be ___________ cultures.

A) collectivistic;individualistic
B) individualistic;collectivistic
C) complex;basic
D) basic;complex

Question 31

According to Freud,dreams are an example of:

A) primary process thinking.
B) the morality principle.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) secondary process thinking.

Question 32

What type of thinking does the id use to meet its needs?

A) defense mechanisms
B) primary process thinking
C) secondary process thinking
D) the reality principle

Question 33

In Freudian theory,the ego:

A) makes moral decisions.
B) makes rational decisions.
C) uses primary process thinking.
D) seeks immediate gratification.

Question 34

In a classic study by Eysenck and Levy (1972)using puffs of air on the cornea demonstrated which of the following?

A) Following CLASSICAL conditioning,INTROVERTS showed a higher response to the conditioned stimulus than did extroverts.
B) Following CLASSICAL conditioning,EXTROVERTS showed a higher response to the conditioned stimulus than did introverts.
C) Following OPERANT conditioning,INTROVERTS showed a higher response to the conditioned stimulus than did extroverts.
D) Following OPERANT conditioning,EXTROVERTS showed a higher response to the conditioned stimulus than did introverts.

Question 35

Freud's theory of personality is referred to as:

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) trait theory.
C) ego theory.
D) social learning theory.

Question 36

According to Freud,which part of the personality operates according to the reality principle?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) subego

Question 37

On average,in comparison with people in individualistic cultures,people in collectivistic cultures are more likely to be characterized as:

A) disrespectful.
B) friendly.
C) proud.
D) aggressive.

Question 38

Using ____________,Stanford University researchers demonstrated that extroverts showed more activation in the amygdala and related limbic system structures when they were shown pictures of emotionally positive scenes than did introverts.

A) polygraph
B) plethysmograph
C) functional MRI
D) EEG

Question 39

Sitting in your room studying for your psychology exam,you find yourself daydreaming about a fudgy chocolate cake.According to Freud,you are using:

A) primary process thinking.
B) the morality principle.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) secondary process thinking.

Question 40

Freud believed that all the thoughts of which we are currently aware are part of the:

A) conscious mind.
B) unconscious mind.
C) preconscious mind.
D) subconscious mind.

Question 41

In practical terms,the anal stage is focused on learning to:

A) develop primary process thinking.
B) identify with the same-sex parent.
C) delay gratification.
D) develop a degree of competence.

Question 42

From birth to about age 1,children are in Freud's:

A) phallic stage.
B) genital stage.
C) anal stage.
D) oral stage.

Question 43

According to Freud,what does the ego do?

A) It produces guilt for wrongdoing and pride for doing the right thing.
B) It finds practical ways to satisfy sexual and aggressive urges.
C) It derives satisfaction by fantasizing about pleasurable activities.
D) It seeks a feeling of superiority over others.

Question 44

Freud suggested that professional sports,such as football,illustrate the:

A) displacement of sexual motives.
B) repression of aggression.
C) sublimation of aggression.
D) identification of sexual motives.

Question 45

Henry's boss lectures him for his poor performance.Henry goes home and yells at his children.According to Freud,this is an example of:

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) identification.

Question 46

According to Freud,a person's set of moral inhibitions is referred to as the ____________,and the standard of perfect conduct is referred to as the ____________.

A) superego;ego
B) libido;subjective reality
C) conscience;ego ideal
D) guilt center;pride center

Question 47

Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that excessive punishment or reward from parents during a period of development can leave a person's personality ____________ at that stage.

A) fixated
B) repressed
C) retentive
D) resolved

Question 48

Which of the following is a true statement,according to Freud's theory?

A) Identification is a type of sublimation.
B) Sublimation is a type of identification.
C) Displacement is a type of sublimation
D) Sublimation is a type of displacement.

Question 49

According to Freud,the superego:

A) negotiates between practical reality and irrational wants.
B) is central to the development of high self-esteem.
C) assesses the right or wrong of a course of action.
D) disregards the demands of both the ego and the id.

Question 50

According to Freud,the resolution of the Oedipal complex involves:

A) sublimation of the mother.
B) identification with the father.
C) the development of castration anxiety.
D) the channeling of sexual energies into appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 51

According to Freud,identification plays an important role in:

A) channeling negative impulses into positive goals.
B) keeping behavior within the moral bounds of the superego.
C) the socialization of children and superego development.
D) keeping negative emotions and memories out of awareness.

Question 52

In which of Freud's stages is the source of sexual pleasure one's penis or vagina?

A) anal and phallic stages
B) latency and oral stages
C) phallic and genital stages
D) genital and oral stages

Question 53

Freud claimed that people become surgeons to unconsciously transform their violent impulses into a socially acceptable form.This re-channeling of socially harmful impulses into socially desirable behaviors is called:

A) guilt.
B) sublimation.
C) repression.
D) identification.

Question 54

Which of the following is the correct developmental order for Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) phallic,anal,oral,latent,genital
B) oral,anal,phallic,latent,genital
C) oral,latent,anal,phallic,genital
D) latent,anal,oral,genital,phallic

Question 55

Which of the following phrases BEST characterizes Freud's concept of identification?

A) imitating others' behavior
B) internalizing others' goals and values
C) feeling empathy toward others
D) being sexually attracted to others

Question 56

The Oedipal complex takes place in Freud's:

A) oral stage.
B) phallic stage.
C) genital stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 57

If a person is verbally hostile,Freud might say they have an:

A) oral receptive personality.
B) anal retentive personality.
C) anal expulsive personality.
D) oral aggressive personality.

Question 58

You can't take it anymore,so you confront your roommate saying,"You are such a slob! What's the matter with you,anyway? You are so:

A) anal-retentive!"
B) oral-aggressive!"
C) anal-expulsive!"
D) oral-receptive!"

Question 59

Anika is proud that she helped her dad build bookshelves in the den.According to Freud,Anika's sense of pride at being so helpful is produced by the:

A) ego.
B) id.
C) id,ego,and superego.
D) superego.

Question 60

A highly sexually motivated author writes shocking erotic poetry.According to Freud,this is an example of:

A) the pleasure principle.
B) repression.
C) sublimation.
D) identification.

Question 61

Between the ages of 6 and 11,Freud said that children are in the sexually inactive:

A) anal stage.
B) phallic stage.
C) genital stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 62

According to Freud,developing a degree of competence in the areas of schoolwork,sports,and playing house is the primary goal in the:

A) phallic stage.
B) latency stage.
C) genital stage.
D) anal stage.

Question 63

According to Adler,who is particularly important in children's outgrowing of their initial sense of inferiority?

A) parents and caretakers
B) peers
C) one's significant other
D) siblings

Question 64

What of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A) Freud placed too much emphasis on positive aspects of personality and relationships.
B) Freud placed too little emphasis on unconscious sexual motivation and aggression.
C) Freud's theory was highly critical of men.
D) Freud placed too little importance on social relationships.

Question 65

Horney believed that the source of all conflicts is:

A) inadequate parenting.
B) uncontrolled instinctual impulses.
C) conditions of worth.
D) poor modeling.

Question 66

According to Horney,penis envy is really:

A) the need to be taken care of by a man.
B) about dependency needs.
C) power envy.
D) central to women's psychology.

Question 67

In Adler's theory,the central concept in personality development is:

A) feelings of inferiority.
B) unconscious impulses.
C) erogenous zones.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 68

Jung suggested that the healthiest approach to personality development is to:

A) actively pursue self-actualization.
B) strike a balance between extremes.
C) indulge one's sexual fantasies.
D) keep sexual desires under strict control.

Question 69

Jung disagreed with Freud's:

A) emphasis on sexual motivation.
B) too positive view of humans.
C) concept of the unconscious.
D) structure of personality.

Question 70

"There is opposition in all things." Which theorist would be MOST likely to agree with this statement?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Rogers
C) Gorden Allport
D) Carl Jung

Question 71

Horney suggests that adults who are riddled with perfectionism or a fear of intimacy were children who:

A) had difficulties controlling their id impulses.
B) lacked appropriate role models and reinforcements.
C) had parents who did not meet their emotional needs.
D) had multiple conditions of worth piled on their shoulders.

Question 72

According to Adler,social interest is the motive which determines how we:

A) overcome feelings of inferiority.
B) establish appropriate goals.
C) identify with the opposite-sex parent.
D) establish loving relationships.

Question 73

Which of the following theorists saw goals as a critical aspect of personality development?

A) Karen Horney
B) Alfred Adler
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 74

The concepts of introversion and extroversion are generally attributed to the work of:

A) Gordon Allport.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Raymond Cattell.
D) Carl Jung.

Question 75

Jung proposed that the collective unconscious contains:

A) subject matter shared by all human beings.
B) personal experiences and thoughts since your conception.
C) repressed memories that are too painful to reach awareness.
D) information learned throughout the course of your lifetime.

Question 76

Both Bandura and Skinner disregard the role of which of the following in personality development?

A) reinforcement
B) instincts
C) cognition
D) modeling

Question 77

Jung's research on the collective unconscious stems largely from:

A) statistical analyses of personality traits.
B) clinical observations of patients with unusual psychological symptoms.
C) naturalistic observations between parents and children.
D) evidence that common symbols are found in art and architecture throughout the world.

Question 78

What observation did Jung use when he suggested the existence of a collective unconscious?

A) He observed the interactions between infants and their mothers.
B) He collected information from persons with severe psychological disturbances.
C) He observed many similarities in cultures from the past.
D) He reflected on his own personal mental events.

Question 79

While Freud's emphasis was on sexual motives,Adler's emphasis was on:

A) reinforcements.
B) modeling.
C) social motives.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 80

Horney's concept of anxious insecurity stems from the observation that:

A) children of lower intelligence have difficulty solving emotional problems.
B) over-indulgent parents create children who are responsible and caring adults.
C) children who feel unloved develop emotional conflicts.
D) immature individuals play games to create jealousy in those who love them.