Deck 21: Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and Pollution Prevention

Question 1

The United States is the only country to legislate pollution prevention.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The "cradle to grave" approach to materials and waste management

A) involves a linear flow of materials and wastes
B) involves a circular flow of materials and wastes
C) does not consider industrial waste as part of the materials flow
D) none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The materials balance model

A) shows the connections between economic decision making and nature
B) illustrates the importance of balancing raw materials with physical capital
C) is relevant only to manufacturing processes
D) is unrelated to achieving sustainable development

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An important motivation of environmental accounting is to help firms make accurate costs assessments about pollution prevention.

Question 5

Environmental technology transfers can involve dark green or light green technologies.

Question 6

Industrial ecology explicitly recognizes the interaction between

A) federal and state levels of government
B) the EPA and environmental groups
C) industrial processes and the natural environment
D) none of the above

Question 7

Remanufacturing involves collecting, disassembling, reconditioning, and reselling returned products.

Question 8

Residuals are quantities of pollutants left in the environment after some natural or technological process has occurred.

Question 9

A linear flow of materials assumes that materials move in a single direction, entering as inputs and leaving as residuals.

Question 10

In the hierarchy of waste management identified by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, recycling of wastes is the top priority.

Question 11

A typical life cycle assessment (LCA)

A) has three components
B) evaluates all stages of a product or process from raw materials extraction to disposal
C) addresses only the environmental risks to human health
D) ignores ecological risk

Question 12

One of McDonald's pollution prevention programs is known as P³ (Pollution Prevention Pays).

Question 13

Extended product responsibility (EPR) places all the onus of product stewardship on the producer.

Question 14

Industrial ecology and sustainable development are equivalent concepts.

Question 15

ISO 14000 refers to mandatory internationals standards for environmental management.

Question 16

The "cradle to cradle" approach to materials and waste management

A) involves a linear flow of materials and wastes
B) involves a cyclical flow of materials and wastes
C) acknowledges design for recycling in the waste management process
D) none of the above
E) (b) and (c) only

Question 17

A major component of the ISO 14000 standards addresses life cycle assessments.

Question 18

A systems approach to the flow of materials and energy between industrial processes and the environment is known as a life cycle assessment.

Question 19

A closed flow of materials is one in which residuals are returned to the production process.

Question 20

Design for the Environment (DfE) is a government-mandated program that promotes environmental considerations as part of the design and development of products.

Question 21

Pollution prevention

A) has nothing in common with industrial ecology
B) emphasizes the household sector
C) suggests source reduction and toxic chemical use substitution as preventive goals for industry
D) none of the above

Question 22

The 3P Program is most closely associated with

A) McDonald's Corporation
B) 3M Company
C) BMW Group
D) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

Question 23

According to the textbook application, industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark

A) is based on the development of an industrial ecosystem
B) involves one private firm and one municipality
C) relies on incineration to succeed
D) represents a linear flow of materials

Question 24

The allocatively efficient amount of pollution prevention would occur when

A) the total social benefits of pollution prevention equals the total social costs of pollution prevention
B) the total social costs of pollution prevention are minimized
C) the marginal social benefits of pollution prevention equals the marginal social costs of pollution prevention
D) none of the above

Question 25

In the context of technology transfer, light green technologies refer to

A) innovations that directly impact the environment
B) technologies that indirectly affect the environment
C) toxic chemical use substitution
D) none of the above

Question 26

According to Environment Canada, the cornerstone of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) of 1999 is

A) reuse and recycling
B) safe disposal of hazardous wastes
C) environmental labeling
D) pollution prevention

Question 27

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

A) replaced the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
B) was repealed in 2005
C) ranks source reduction as the primary goal followed by waste treatment
D) ranks recycling above source reduction

Question 28

According to the textbook application, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed standards for environmental management. Identified as

A) ISO 1500
B) ISO 15000
C) ISO 1400
D) ISO 14000

Question 29

According to the textbook application, product remanufacturing

A) begins with the collection of used products
B) involves the dismantling of used products
C) comprises a small market of less than $5 million in revenues
D) none of the above
E) (a) and (b) only

Question 30

In the United States, the pollution prevention hierarchy consists of the following

A) source reduction
B) reuse/recycling
C) cleaner production
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only