Deck 2: The Systems of the Body

Question 1

study of wartime injuries investigated the effect of _______________ on pain.

A) placebos
B) fear
C) arousal
D) interpretation

Answer 1

interpretation

Question 2

Pain behaviors

A) are observable, measurable behaviors that are manifestations of chronic pain.
B) have proven useful in identifying the dynamics of different pain syndromes.
C) are used in assessing the impact of pain on quality of life.
D) All of these.

Answer 2

All of these.

Question 3

Compensation for pain resulting from an injury may _______________ the perceived severity of the pain.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) Neither of these answers is correct.

Answer 3

increase

Question 4

Pain that persists longer than six months and increases in severity is considered to be

A) acute pain.
B) chronic benign pain.
C) recurrent acute pain.
D) chronic progressive pain.

Question 5

The affective and motivational aspect of pain seems to be determined primarily by

A) A-delta fibers.
B) C-fibers.
C) endorphins.
D) the cerebral cortex.

Question 6

Pain has important medical consequences because

A) patients' delay behavior is related to the experience of debilitating pain.
B) practitioners are trained to devote a significant amount of time to diagnosing the source of pain, which often impairs the quality of medical interactions.
C) it is the symptom most likely to lead an individual to seek treatment.
D) after death, pain is the most feared aspect of illness or medical treatment.

Question 7

Chronic pain patients _______________ compared to persons without chronic pain.

A) experience pain more acutely
B) have increased sensitivity to noxious stimulation
C) have impairment in pain regulatory systems
D) All of these.

Question 8

The sensory aspect of pain seems to be determined primarily by

A) A-delta fibers.
B) C-fibers.
C) the limbic system.
D) the cerebral cortex.

Question 9

Chronic pain

A) decreases with the passage of time.
B) begins with an acute pain episode.
C) readily responds to treatment.
D) unlike acute pain, has no subcategories.

Question 10

Chronic low back pain and myofascial pain syndrome are examples of

A) acute pain.
B) chronic benign pain.
C) recurrent acute pain.
D) chronic progressive pain

Question 11

Nociception is the _______________ of pain.

A) physiological process
B) chemical process
C) sensation
D) perception

Question 12

Cross-cultural differences have been found in the

A) discrimination of painful stimuli.
B) reporting and intensity of reactions to pain.
C) sensory aspect of pain.
D) All of these.

Question 13

Athletes who continue to play,despite being injured,may be experiencing a short-term reduction of pain sensitivity due to

A) sympathetic arousal.
B) parasympathetic arousal.
C) effective training and coaching.
D) activities that focus their attention on the pain.

Question 14

Self-report measures such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire typically measure

A) pain threshold.
B) the nature and intensity of pain.
C) pain tolerance.
D) pain and encouraged tolerance level.

Question 15

A migraine headache is an example of

A) acute pain.
B) chronic benign pain.
C) recurrent acute pain.
D) chronic progressive pain.

Question 16

Pain

A) is directly related to the severity of physical symptoms.
B) has an important survival function.
C) has little medical significance outside of motivating most patients to seek treatment.
D) is an important component of most medical school curricula.

Question 17

Over $________________ million is spent every year on over-the counter drugs.

A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 700

Question 18

In comparison with acute pain patients,chronic pain patients

A) share a similar psychological profile.
B) experience higher levels of pain.
C) are more responsive to pain management techniques.
D) suffer from a syndrome involving physiological, psychological, social and behavioral components.

Question 19

Acute pain

A) is not associated with anxiety and depression.
B) may precede the development of a chronic pain syndrome.
C) seldom responds to the administration of painkillers or other medication.
D) increases with the passage of time.

Question 20

Endogenous opioids are

A) substances produced by the substantia gelatinosa that help regulate pain.
B) substances produced by the brain and glands that help regulate pain.
C) specialized receptor sites that play an active role in the regulation of pain.
D) drugs, such as heroin and morphine, that help control pain.

Question 21

According to research investigating personality variables observed in chronic pain patients,

A) there is a pain-prone personality, which, like the disease-prone personality, is characterized by negative affectivity.
B) a significant proportion of the population appears to be predisposed to experience pain.
C) personality change is often a consequence of pain, but personality variables are seldom involved as causes.
D) different personality factors may be involved in different types of pain.

Question 22

Controlled breathing is a component of

A) hypnosis.
B) relaxation training.
C) distraction.
D) acupuncture.

Question 23

Cognitive-behavioral pain interventions

A) encourage patients to entrust the management of their pain to the treatment team.
B) attempt to modify maladaptive cognitions but not overt and covert behaviors.
C) encourage clients to attribute their success to the treatment intervention.
D) None of these.

Question 24

Of the cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies for pain management,those designed to target _______________ may be especially helpful.

A) depression
B) hostility
C) hypochondriasis
D) self-efficacy

Question 25

suggested that

A) avoidant coping was more effective in managing chronic pain.
B) attentional coping strategies were more effective in managing acute pain.
C) patients should be trained in avoidant or attentive coping strategies depending on the nature of their pain.
D) None of these.

Question 26

,chronic pain patients whose spouses provide support and positive attention

A) experience good marital and sexual functioning.
B) may inadvertently maintain or increase the expression of pain.
C) restrict their social contact to members of their immediate family.
D) take smaller amounts of pain killers than patients who do not receive such support.

Question 27

Counterirritation involves

A) influencing the central control mechanism.
B) inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating another area.
C) creating lesions in pain fibers and receptors.
D) influencing the transmission of pain impulses from the peripheral receptors.

Question 28

People who ___________ their ___________ may experience pain more strongly than those who manage it more effectively.

A) enjoy; happiness
B) suppress; anger
C) suppress; sadness
D) enjoy; anger

Question 29

In general,distraction is most effective in reducing pain when

A) the pain is of high intensity.
B) the pain is of low intensity.
C) the pain is chronic.
D) suggestion or sensory redefinition is impractical.

Question 30

Hypnosis relies on

A) physiological relaxation.
B) distraction.
C) reinterpretation of sensations.
D) All of these.

Question 31

Pain control means only that the patient

A) no longer feels any pain.
B) is no longer concerned about the pain.
C) no longer feels any sensation in the area that once hurt.
D) None of these.

Question 32

Biofeedback training

A) is an inexpensive pain control method.
B) shows robust evidence for pain control.
C) probably is no more effective for controlling pain than are relaxation techniques.
D) effects are clearly understood.

Question 33

Relaxation training strategies are

A) seldom effective by themselves and need to be combined with other methods of pain control.
B) generally less effective in reducing chronic pain than are meditation techniques.
C) effective in alleviating chronic but not acute pain.
D) All of these.

Question 34

Pain management programs incorporate

A) individualized treatment.
B) an interdisciplinary team of practitioners.
C) an evaluation of the patient's physical, emotional, and mental functioning.
D) All of these.

Question 35

Pharmacological control of pain

A) is dangerous in that it usually leads to addiction to prescription drugs.
B) is of no concern to researchers and practitioners.
C) has a low probability of leading to addiction to prescription drugs.
D) is the treatment of last resort.

Question 36

Acupuncture may

A) function as a counterirritant.
B) be effective because patients believe it will work.
C) trigger the release of endorphins.
D) All of these.

Question 37

Antidepressants combat pain by

A) reducing anxiety.
B) improving mood.
C) affecting the downward pathways from the brain that control pain.
D) All of these.

Question 38

One of the oldest methods of pain control is

A) biofeedback.
B) relaxation training.
C) hypnosis.
D) self-efficacy training.

Question 39

In contrast to aggressive imagery,relaxation imagery

A) is more frequently used to combat pain.
B) induces a positive mood state.
C) focuses attention.
D) All of these.

Question 40

The use of surgical techniques to control pain

A) involves the use of spinal blocks that block the upward transmission of impulses in the spinal column.
B) is becoming increasingly common as a treatment of last resort.
C) may result in only temporary improvement and have no lasting negative side effects.
D) may damage the nervous system and actually exacerbate chronic pain.

Question 41

Hypnosis is one of the oldest strategies for the management and treatment of acute and chronic pain.

Question 42

The incidence of relapse following initial successful treatment of persistent pain appears to range from about _______________ to ______________.

A) 10 percent; 90 percent
B) 30 percent; 60 percent
C) 50 percent; 75 percent
D) 60 percent; 90 percent

Question 43

Relapse following initial successful treatment of pain is directly related to

A) lack of social support.
B) coping styles.
C) nonadherence to treatment regimen.
D) All of these.

Question 44

Acupuncture may trigger the release of endorphins,thus reducing the experience of pain.

Question 45

A-delta fibers are unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit dull or aching pain.

Question 46

Describe the design and implementation of pain management programs.

Question 47

More than 85% of people suffer back pain at some point in their lives.

Question 48

Pain control by use of physical or chemical techniques has long been used by health care providers.For which type of pain are they most useful and why?

Question 49

The presence of a placebo effect is reflected in the importance placed by the medical community on

A) double-blind studies.
B) prospective studies.
C) retrospective studies.
D) drug studies.

Question 50

Placebo effects vary according to

A) how a provider interacts with the patient.
B) how much a provider believes in the power of the placebo.
C) a provider's warmth, confidence, and empathy.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 51

Some ethnicities experience less pain during childbirth than others.

Question 52

Stronger placebo effects have been observed in patients who are high in

A) need for approval.
B) self-esteem.
C) internal orientation.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 53

The McGill Pain Questionnaire assesses pain behaviors.

Question 54

How effective are biofeedback,acupuncture,and hypnosis in pain management? Do they work better with some types of pain? Are they superior to simple distraction and relaxation?

Question 55

Guided imagery is most effective in managing slow-rising pains.

Question 56

The placebo effect is solely caused by psychological expectations of improved health and alleviation of symptoms.

Question 57

Discuss the differences between acute and chronic pain.What are the different kinds of both? Use examples from the text.

Question 58

Explain how social psychological variables influence the perception of pain.

Question 59

Although depression is common among chronic pain patients,chronic pain is not a sufficient condition for the development of depression.

Question 60

C-fibers transmit dull,aching pain.