Deck 18: Human Development and Birth

Question 1

What prevents polyspermy from occurring?

A)The ovum plasma membrane depolarizes.
B)The zona pellucida lifts away from the plasma membrane.
C)Only one sperm can normally enter the zona pellucida.
D)Both the ovum plasma membrane depolarizes and the zona pellucida lifts away from the plasma membrane are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The acrosome,which caps the head of the sperm,contains

A)chromosomes.
B)digestive enzymes.
C)nutrients.
D)hormones

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT part of the sperm?

A)middle piece
B)tail
C)head.
D)body

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The plasma membrane of the ovum becomes the fertilization membrane.
The zona pellucida becomes the fertilization membrane.

Question 5

The head of a sperm contains

A)many organelles.
B)a nucleus enclosing the 23 chromosomes.
C)a large amount of cytoplasm.
D)All apply.

Question 6

Differentiation refers to

A)cells taking on different structures and functions.
B)movement of cells to shape the embryo.
C)increased size of the cells.
D)cell division with no increase in size.

Question 7

The function of the fertilization membrane is to aid in the entrance of the "winning" sperm into the ovum.
The function of the fertilization membrane is to prevent any other sperm from entering the ovum.

Question 8

The zygote receives cytoplasm,organelles,nutrients,and structural components from only the mother.

Question 9

The extracellular matrix surrounding the ovum is called the

A)corona radiate.
B)acrosome.
C)zona pellucida.
D)follicle.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct order of structures sperm must penetrate before entering the ovum?

A)zona pellucida,corona radiate,ovum plasma membrane
B)ovum plasma membrane,zona pellucida,corona radiate
C)corona radiate,zona pellucida,ovum plasma membrane
D)None apply.

Question 11

Fraternal twins develop from the same fertilized ovum.
Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs being fertilized.Identical twins develop from the same fertilized ovum.

Question 12

Morphogenesis refers to

A)increase of size.
B)shaping of the embryo and migration of cells.
C)cells having a specific function.
D)All apply.

Question 13

Usually more than one sperm can successfully enter an ovum.
Only one sperm can enter an ovum.

Question 14

During the embryonic period,growth occurs through mitosis and enlargement of the daughter cells.

Question 15

Cleavage

A)is cell division with no increase in size.
B)is mitosis.
C)occurs immediately after fertilization.
D)All apply.

Question 16

Every cell of the morula and inner cell mass of the blastocyst have the ability to become any type of cell.

Question 17

The chorion is

A)the first site of blood cell formation.
B)the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluiD.

Question 18

Gastrulation is an example of morphogenesis.

Question 19

Fertilization at conception is when the genetic material of the ovum and sperm combine.

Question 20

The union of ovum and sperm during fertilization creates the first cell of the new organism which is called a

A)morulA.
B)blastocyst
C)zygote.
D)zona pellucida.

Question 21

The yolk sac

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)provides nutrition until the placenta is formeD.

Question 22

List the embryonic membranes and explain their functions.

Question 23

A typical pregnancy test detects the presence of

A)fetal hemoglobin.
B)estrogen.
C)HCG.
D)a corpus luteum.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer?

A)ectoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoderm
D)endoderm

Question 25

The embryo will develop from the ____ of the blastocyst.

A)inner cell mass
B)embryonic disk
C)trophoblast
D)amnion

Question 26

The pre-embryonic structure that enters the uterus is a fluid-filled ball of cells called a

A)blastocyst.
B)trophoblast.
C)morula.
D)zygote.

Question 27

From which primary germ layer does the nervous system and epidermis of the skin develop?

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)None apply.

Question 28

From which primary germ layer do both the skeletal and muscular systems develop?

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)None of these choices are correct for both systems.

Question 29

What important event does NOT occur in the second week of development?

A)the heart develops
B)the embryonic disk is formed.
C)implantation begins.
D)hCG is secreted to maintain the corpus luteum

Question 30

Embryonic development

A)refers to the first week.
B)refers to week two through month two.
C)refers to months three through nine.
D)All apply.

Question 31

Which is the last stage in pre-embryonic development?

A)blastocyst
B)cleavage
C)fertilization
D)morula

Question 32

The amnion

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluiD.

Question 33

During the third week of development,which two systems begin to develop?

A)nervous and digestive systems
B)respiratory and lymphatic systems
C)nervous and cardiovascular systems
D)muscular and urinary systems

Question 34

Gestation

A)is the time from fertilization to embryo formation.
B)is the time from fertilization to birth.
C)lasts about 280 days from the last menstruation.
D)is the time from fertilization to birth and lasts about 280 days from the last menstruation are correct.

Question 35

The process of gastrulation ends with the formation of the

A)allantois.
B)placenta.
C)primary germ layers.
D)All apply.

Question 36

The allantois

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluiD.

Question 37

From which primary germ layer does the epithelial lining of the digestive system and the blood vessels develop?

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)None of these choices are correct for both systems.

Question 38

The pre-embryonic structure created by cleavage is a ball of cells called a

A)blastocyst.
B)trophoblast.
C)morula.
D)zygote.

Question 39

The first system to be visually evident is the

A)muscular system.
B)cardiovascular system.
C)skeletal system.
D)nervous system.

Question 40

The outer ring of cells of the blastocyst makes up the ______ which will become the chorion.

A)inner cell mass
B)embryonic disk
C)trophoblast
D)amnion

Question 41

During the third and fourth months,

A)lanugo covers the body.
B)ossification of bones begins.
C)still can not determine the sex of the fetus.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 42

During the fourth and fifth weeks

A)all organ systems have appeared.
B)ossification begins.
C)limb buds appear.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 43

The umbilical arteries carry

A)waste and carbon dioxide toward the placentA.
B)oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C)waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D)oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

Question 44

A woman is clinically pregnant when fertilization occurs.
A woman is clinically pregnant when implantation is successful.

Question 45

The heart begins as two tubes that fuse and begin to pump.

Question 46

During the eighth week

A)all organ systems have appeared.
B)ossification begins.
C)eyes,ears and nose are noticeable.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 47

Maternal and fetal blood supplies mix to facilitate exchange.
Maternal and fetal blood supplies do not mix,but are side-by-side.

Question 48

The tissues of the gonads is indifferent until the production of

A)estrogen.
B)progesterone.
C)semen.
D)testosterone.

Question 49

The gender of the individual is determined at

A)birth.
B)the third month.
C)fertilization.
D)gastrulation.

Question 50

The completion of a functioning placenta marks the beginning of the ______ period of development.

A)pre-embryonic
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)postnatal

Question 51

The production of testosterone will cause the indifferent gonadal tissue to develop into

A)testes.
B)ovaries.
C)kidneys.
D)uterine tubes.

Question 52

The umbilical vein carries

A)waste and carbon dioxide toward the placentA.
B)oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C)waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D)oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

Question 53

The umbilical cord contains

A)the fetal intestine.
B)two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
C)only muscle tissue.
D)two umbilical veins and one umbilical artery.

Question 54

Failure of the superior neural tube to close causes a fatal condition called

A)anencephaly.
B)spina bifida.
C)striae gravidarum.
D)SIDS.

Question 55

During the eighth and ninth months,

A)the testes descend into the scrotum.
B)eyes are open.
C)subcutaneous fat is deposited.
D)skin is wrinkled and reddish.

Question 56

A male will have ____ chromosomes,while a female has _____ chromosomes.

A)XX,XY
B)XY,XX

Question 57

During the fifth through seventh months,

A)the sex can be determined visually.
B)lanugo covers the body.
C)mother begins to feel movement.
D)both lanugo covers the body and mother begins to feel movement are true

Question 58

The placenta is composed of

A)chorionic villi.
B)uterine tissue.
C)fetal tissue.
D)All apply.

Question 59

If the neural tube does not close inferiorly,______ may result.

A)anencephaly
B)conjoined twins
C)spina bifida
D)Down syndrome

Question 60

At the placenta,

A)oxygen enters the fetal circulation.
B)nutrients enter the fetal circulation.
C)nitrogenous wastes enter maternal circulation.
D)All apply.

Question 61

When is the scrotum formed in the male?

A)6 weeks
B)9 weeks
C)14 weeks
D)20 weeks

Question 62

When do ova and sperm begin to form?

A)6 weeks embryonically
B)14 weeks embryonically
C)at birth
D)at puberty

Question 63

Hair begins to grow by the fourth month of fetal development.

Question 64

Placental peptide hormones cause maternal

A)increase in blood oxygen levels.
B)striae gravidarum.
C)resistance to insulin by body cells.
D)drop in blood pressure.

Question 65

Why does the brain increase the respiration rate and depth during pregnancy?

A)To increase maternal blood oxygen levels
B)To increased maternal blood carbon dioxide levels
C)To decrease maternal blood carbon dioxide levels
D)Because the mother is breathing for two

Question 66

Placental estrogen reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.
Placental progesterone reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.

Question 67

Maternal blood oxygen levels increase dramatically during the third trimester.
Maternal blood oxygen levels change very little during pregnancy.

Question 68

What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

A)stage 2 labor contractions
B)stage 3 labor contractions
C)false-labor contractions
D)stage 1 labor contractions

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT an effect of pregnancy on the mother?

A)increase in weight
B)decrease in vital capacity
C)increase in blood volume from 5 liters to 7 liters
D)increase in constipation and heartburn

Question 70

What is a breech birth and why may it necessitate a cesarean section delivery?

Question 71

During stage one of parturition,

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.

Question 72

Placental progesterone reduces the maternal immune response to the fetus.

Question 73

Wolffian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.
Mullerian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.Wolffian ducts become the male ducts.

Question 74

The digestive,respiratory,and urinary systems of the fetus are nonfuctional.

Question 75

What hormones initiate and continue uterine contractions until birth of the baby?

A)prostaglandins
B)estrogen
C)oxytocin
D)both prostaglandins and oxytocin

Question 76

Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased steroid hormone levels.
Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased melanocyte activity.

Question 77

What is cryptorchidism?

A)failure of ovary development
B)vagina does not develop
C)undescended testes
D)scrotal sacs do not develop

Question 78

During stage two of parturition,

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.

Question 79

During stage three of parturition

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.