Question 1

Genuine deliberation requires&#10;A) only information.&#10;B) only understanding.&#10;C) both information and understanding.&#10;D) information, understanding, and autonomy.

Accepted Answer

Genuine deliberation requires both information and understanding. Information provides the facts and data necessary for making a decision, while understanding provides the context and meaning of the information. Without both information and understanding, it is difficult to make a well-informed decision.

Question 2

Since her parents could not afford either a transplant or the Norwood procedure (alternative correctional surgery) the case of Baby Fae raised issues about&#10;A) commercial surrogacy.&#10;B) informed consent.&#10;C) commercial medicine.&#10;D) euthanasia.

Accepted Answer

The case of Baby Fae raised issues about informed consent as her parents agreed to her undergoing an experimental surgery that ultimately resulted in her death. There were questions about whether or not they fully understood the potential risks and consequences of the procedure. The other options listed are not directly related to the issues raised by Baby Fae's case.

Question 3

Eugene Passamani believes that the ethical difficulties surrounding randomized clinical trials can be overcome if which of the following conditions is met?&#10;A) Participants give informed consent.&#10;B) A state of clinical equipoise exists.&#10;C) The trial is designed as a test of therapeutic alternatives.&#10;D) All of these choices

Accepted Answer

All of these choices are essential for addressing the ethical difficulties surrounding randomized clinical trials. Informed consent is necessary for respecting participants' autonomy and ensuring they fully understand the risks and benefits of the trial. Clinical equipoise is necessary to ensure that the trial is justified, and participants are not put at undue risk for an intervention that is already known to be less effective. Finally, designing the trial as a test of therapeutic alternatives ensures that the trial is scientifically valid and that the results can guide clinical practice.

Question 4

Just as one sex has served as the standard for biomedical research, so has&#10;A) one form of placebo.&#10;B) one form of sexuality.&#10;C) one form of treatment.&#10;D) one form of race.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Just as one sex has served as...

Question 5

Which of the following is or are true of a placebo?&#10;A) Placebos are used in randomized clinical trials.&#10;B) Placebos contain the currently most effective treatment for a condition.&#10;C) Participants who receive a placebo during a trial know that they are receiving a placebo.&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

Placebos are commonly used in randomized clinical trials as a control group to compare the efficacy of a new treatment against. Option B is false as placebo by definition contains no active ingredient or treatment. Option C is sometimes true, but blinding of participants to whether they receive placebo or active treatment is a crucial aspect in some trials.

Question 6

Which of the following are considered vulnerable populations?&#10;A) Children&#10;B) Prisoners&#10;C) The mentally impaired and people suffering from mental illnesses&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed (Children, Prisoners, The mentally impaired and people suffering from mental illnesses) are considered vulnerable populations. They are groups that are at higher risk for harm or disadvantage and may require special protections and support to ensure their rights and well-being.

Question 7

The Nuremberg Code arose in response to which event?&#10;A) The Nazi experiments conducted during WWII&#10;B) The Tuskegee Experiments&#10;C) The Willowbrook Experiments&#10;D) The Regimen 076 study

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code was developed as a result of the unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II. The code includes ten ethical principles for human experimentation, including the requirement for informed consent and the avoidance of unnecessary harm.

Question 8

One problem with many medical trials going unpublished is that this situation could result in&#10;A) false positive results.&#10;B) false negative results.&#10;C) selection bias.&#10;D) the increased use of placebos.

Accepted Answer

Selection bias occurs when the sample used in a study or trial is not representative of the broader population. When many medical trials go unpublished, often because their results are not favorable or significant, it leads to a skewed understanding of medical interventions' effectiveness. This is because the published literature may disproportionately represent studies with positive outcomes, overlooking those with negative or inconclusive results.

Question 9

Peter Singer believes that the major health problems in the world continue to exist predominantly as the result of which fact or facts?&#10;A) No one is putting enough effort and money into enacting the treatments and prevention measures that we already know how to do.&#10;B) We do not know how to properly prevent diseases and keep people healthy.&#10;C) We do not conduct enough testing with animals.&#10;D) All of these choices

Accepted Answer

Peter Singer argues that many of the major health problems in the world could be addressed with the implementation of treatments and prevention measures that we already know how to do. He points to issues such as malaria, malnutrition, and access to clean water, which are not problems of technological limitation, but rather problems of political will and resource allocation. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. The other options are not supported by Singer's views.

Question 10

The autonomy of prisoners could be compromised by which of the following?&#10;A) The offer of monetary inducements to participate in research&#10;B) The offer of non-monetary inducements to participate in research&#10;C) Their incarceration&#10;D) All of these choices

Accepted Answer

The autonomy of prisoners could be compromised by all of these choices. Offering monetary or non-monetary incentives could pressure prisoners into participating in research, compromising their autonomy. Additionally, being incarcerated restricts prisoners' freedom and ability to make choices, further compromising their autonomy.

Question 11

The basic requirement that must be met for an experiment to be morally legitimate is that&#10;A) the experiment must be beneficial to the subject.&#10;B) the experiment must be beneficial to mankind.&#10;C) the subject must have given informed consent to be involved.&#10;D) the experiment must be legally permissible.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The basic requirement that must be met...

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Phase I clinical trials?&#10;A) They are designed to determine dosage, toxicity, and side effects.&#10;B) They rely solely on animals as test subjects.&#10;C) They are not required by the FDA.&#10;D) They are the last stage of clinical testing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 13

Clinical Equipoise is:&#10;A) a term denoting the fact that of two or more treatment options, no one of them has been established clearly superior to another.&#10;B) a rare disease.&#10;C) a specific type of Phase I Clinical Trial.&#10;D) when physicians clearly recognize that one type of therapy is vastly superior to alternative therapies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Clinical Equipoise is:&#10;A) a term denoting the...

Question 14

Peter Singer argued that our willingness to tolerate animal experiments can be explained by&#10;A) their effectiveness.&#10;B) their cheapness.&#10;C) our racism.&#10;D) our speciesism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Peter Singer argued that our willingness to...

Question 15

According to Roman Catholicism,&#10;A) all fetal research is forbidden.&#10;B) the fetus is a person.&#10;C) research involving fetal tissue is prohibited.&#10;D) research involving fetal remains is prohibited.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Roman Catholicism,&#10;A) all fetal research...

Question 16

Valid consent requires that we deliberate before we decide, and genuine deliberations require which of the following?&#10;A) information and understanding&#10;B) information only&#10;C) understanding only&#10;D) neither; merely saying yes to participation is sufficient

Accepted Answer

The answer of Valid consent requires that we deliberate before...

Deck 2: Research Ethics and Informed Consent-PART A