Question 1

Who endorses utilitarianism?&#10;A) Ross&#10;B) Rawls&#10;C) Kant&#10;D) Mill

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism was first extensively developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Of the given options, only Mill endorses utilitarianism. Ross and Rawls are known for their deontological ethics, while Kant is associated with his categorical imperative.

Question 2

What, according to utilitarianism, is intrinsically valuable?&#10;A) Happiness&#10;B) Acting from duty&#10;C) Acting in accordance with duty&#10;D) Autonomy

Accepted Answer

According to utilitarianism, the intrinsic value is happiness or pleasure. The moral worth of an action is determined by its ability to promote the greatest amount of happiness or the least amount of pain for the greatest number of individuals.

Question 3

Which view would hold that a three month old fetus was a person?&#10;A) Utilitarianism&#10;B) Roman Catholic Natural Law ethics&#10;C) Kantian ethics&#10;D) Rawls's ethics

Accepted Answer

Roman Catholic Natural Law ethics holds that life begins at conception, and therefore a three month old fetus would be considered a person. Utilitarianism focuses on promoting the greatest good for the greatest number, and the value of the fetus would depend on its benefit to society. Kantian ethics prioritize the autonomy and rationality of individuals and may not necessarily view a fetus as a person. Rawls's ethics focus on justice and fairness in social arrangements and may not have a clear stance on the personhood of a fetus.

Question 4

Who would hold that public money spent on the allocation of medical resources could be spent unequally, provided that this inequality worked to the benefit of the least well-off?&#10;A) Ross&#10;B) Rawls&#10;C) Kant&#10;D) Nussbaum

Accepted Answer

Rawls would argue for a system of distributive justice that works to benefit the least well-off members of society. He believed that inequality can be permissible if it results in greater benefits for those who are worse off. Therefore, he would hold that public money spent on the allocation of medical resources could be spent unequally if it worked to the benefit of the least well-off.

Question 5

Which principle is informed consent most clearly grounded on?&#10;A) The principle of autonomy&#10;B) The effort principle&#10;C) The contribution principle&#10;D) None of these choices

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is based on the principle of autonomy, which emphasizes an individual's right to make decisions about their own health and medical treatment. It requires that individuals receive all necessary information about a medical procedure or treatment so that they may make an informed decision about whether to consent or refuse.

Question 6

According to Kant, happiness is&#10;A) the supreme principle of morality.&#10;B) not a good at all.&#10;C) a conditional good.&#10;D) a categorical imperative.

Accepted Answer

Kant believed happiness is a conditional good, meaning it is good when it is aligned with moral actions. He did not consider happiness as the supreme principle of morality, a categorical imperative, or not a good at all.

Question 7

Many critics of utilitarianism argue that it cannot make room for considerations of&#10;A) commensurability.&#10;B) preferences.&#10;C) justice.&#10;D) rules.

Accepted Answer

Critics argue that utilitarianism focuses solely on maximizing overall happiness or pleasure, without taking into account the rights and interests of individuals. This can lead to injustices such as the sacrifice of minority rights for the greater good. Utilitarianism does not prioritize justice as a principle in decision-making.

Question 8

Which principle is most closely associated with the Hippocratic directive to help?&#10;A) The difference principle&#10;B) The principle of double effect&#10;C) The totality principle&#10;D) The principle of beneficence

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence is closely associated with the Hippocratic directive to help. This principle relates to the obligation to act in a way that benefits others and promotes their well-being. Helping others is a fundamental aspect of this principle and is central to the Hippocratic oath. The other principles listed (difference, double effect, and totality) are not directly related to the directive to help.

Question 9

Which principle holds that cosmetic surgery is morally right only when it is required to maintain or ensure the normal functioning of the rest of the body?&#10;A) The difference principle.&#10;B) The principle of double effect.&#10;C) The totality principle.&#10;D) The principle of beneficence.

Accepted Answer

The principle that holds that cosmetic surgery is morally right only when it is required to maintain or ensure the normal functioning of the rest of the body is the totality principle. This principle states that the body is a complete and interdependent unit and that cosmetic surgery should only be performed when it is medically necessary for the overall health and normal functioning of the body. It is not enough for cosmetic surgery to simply enhance one's appearance or self-esteem.

Question 10

According to Kant, what sort of duty does a physician have to accept someone as a patient?&#10;A) A perfect duty&#10;B) A rational duty&#10;C) A duty of beneficence&#10;D) An imperfect duty

Accepted Answer

Kant would categorize the duty of a physician to accept someone as a patient as an "imperfect duty," which refers to duties that are not absolute or obligatory in every situation but are moral obligations that one should perform as part of being virtuous and promoting the welfare of others.

Question 11

Whose view implies that everyone is entitled to healthcare?&#10;A) Ross's&#10;B) Rawls's&#10;C) Kant's&#10;D) Nussbaum's

Accepted Answer

The answer of Whose view implies that everyone is entitled...

Question 12

Which principle is also called the &#34;greatest happiness principle&#34;?&#10;A) The principle of utility&#10;B) The principle of double effect&#10;C) The pleasure principle&#10;D) The paternalist principle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which principle is also called the &#34;greatest...

Question 13

The view that physicians should always tell the truth to their patients as to do otherwise would be to fail to respect their autonomy would be best justified by&#10;A) utilitarianism.&#10;B) Ross's view of prima facie duties.&#10;C) Rawls's moral view.&#10;D) Kantian ethics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The view that physicians should always tell...

Question 14

According to Kant, if I donate a kidney because I wish to be praised for my generosity, my action can be described in which of the following ways?&#10;A) My action has no inner moral worth.&#10;B) My action is in accordance with duty.&#10;C) My action is not performed from duty.&#10;D) All of these choices

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kant, if I donate a...

Question 15

The principle of need is an extension of which principle?&#10;A) The principle of nonmaleficence&#10;B) The principle of beneficence&#10;C) The principle of equal distribution&#10;D) The difference principle

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principle of need is an extension...

Deck 12: Ethical Theories, Moral Principles, and Medical Decisions-PART A