Deck 13: Ethical Issues in Healthcare

Question 1

The "Interest in Existing" argument holds that

A) It is sometimes better to exist in a coma than not exist at all.
B) It is better to be alive than not exist in some cases.
C) Euthanasia is wrong because it kills an existing person.
D) We have a duty to reproduce as much as possible.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Both Ross and Mill believe that medical research must be based on what is useful.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The market approach to organ allocation puts a low value on which of the following?

A) Individual rights
B) Personal autonomy
C) Fairness
D) All of these choices

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A rule utilitarian might favor saving the lives of all severely impaired infants even if the costs of doing so outweigh the benefits in some cases.

Question 5

H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. argues that

A) Life is always a precious gift.
B) Life can sometimes be seen as an injury.
C) The value of a life can never be determined.
D) Children's lives are more valuable than those of adults.

Question 6

Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that abortion should always be permissible under any and all circumstances.

Question 7

A hedonistic utilitarian is only concerned with the satisfaction of preferences.

Question 8

Paternalists believe that physicians are justified in deceiving patients if doing so is in those patients' best interests.

Question 9

Geyman argues that in its first five years the Affordable Care Act has done which of the following?

A) It has failed to restrain healthcare spending.
B) It has failed to make insurance affordable.
C) It has failed to improve the quality of care.
D) All of these choices

Question 10

The principle of totality is based on the Natural Law theory of morality.

Question 11

Mary Ann Warren argues that there is a difference between being a genetic human and a moral human.

Question 12

The right to life is absolute.

Question 13

A person's autonomy can be violated when this person does which of the following?

A) This person acts to avoid a threatened penalty.
B) This person acts under the influence of factors that impair her judgement.
C) This person acts under a misapprehension of the situation.
D) all of these choices

Question 14

Paying someone in need of money to perform a service constitutes exploitation.

Question 15

Valid consent requires that we deliberate before we decide.

Question 16

Which ethical theory might favor a program of positive eugenics?

A) Ross's prima facie duties.
B) Kant's deontology.
C) Virtue ethics.
D) Utilitarianism.

Question 17

Laws that require a person to be licensed in order to be a professional therapist are encroachments on autonomy.

Question 18

The "someone else problem" can be used to criticize the validity of advance directives.

Question 19

Contagious diseases spread vertically through a population; genetic diseases spread horizontally through a population.

Question 20

According to the "life-cycle principle" a flu vaccine should be given in priority to those between early adolescence and middle age on what basis?

A) They have more developed interests than younger people and they have more remaining stages to live through than older people.
B) They will outlive older people because they will benefit from medical advances older people could not.
C) They contribute more to society than younger people do.
D) All of these choices.

Question 21

Which principle can simply be stated as meaning "above all, do no harm"?

A) Principle of Nonmaleficence
B) Principle of Autonomy
C) Principles of Distributive Justice
D) Principle of Utility

Question 22

Which of the following are principles of justice that Rawls believes that all people in the original position would agree upon?

A) Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged.
B) Social and economic inequalities are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
C) Each person has an equal right to the most extensive set of basic liberties compatible with a similar set of liberties for all.
D) All of these choices.

Question 23

The legislation that Minkoff and Paltrow oppose would expand the definition of "child" to include which of the following?

A) The mentally disabled
B) Fetuses
C) Anencephalic infants
D) None of these choices

Question 24

Sirkku K. Hellsten argues that health practices should be evaluated in terms of

A) universal values only, such as solidarity.
B) local values only, such as autonomy.
C) both universal and local values.
D) None of these choices

Question 25

What is the primary focus of most social models of disability?

A) Impairments.
B) Disabilities.
C) Handicaps.
D) All of these choices.