Deck 4: Learning

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal?

A)Receiving harsh criticism for lying to your parents.
B)Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew.
C)Getting stung by a bee when walking barefoot outside and stepping on the bee.
D)Getting pepper sprayed for making a lewd comment to a stranger.

Answer 1

Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew.

Question 2

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)biofeedback theory
D)social learning theory

Answer 2

operant conditioning

Question 3

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called _____________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)memory linkage
D)adaptation

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called _____________.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)memory linkage
D)adaptation

Question 5

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,so he no longer likes chili dogs.Walter has experienced ____________.

A)blocking
B)conditioned taste aversion
C)operant taste conditioning
D)noncontingent conditioning

Question 6

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

A)Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.
B)Researchers have found support for the existence of animal insight learning.
C)Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.
D)Researchers have proven that all creatures,even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba,are capable of insight learning.

Question 7

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________.

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent

Question 8

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as ________.

A)an unconditioned response
B)a voluntary response
C)a conditioned response
D)a digestive reflux

Question 9

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a ___________.

A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C)physiologist who was studying digestion
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 10

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Memory enhancement
D)Muscle memory

Question 11

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________.

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent

Question 12

_________ refers to small steps in behavior,one after the other,that lead to a particular goal behavior.

A)Successive approximations
B)Successive shaping
C)Successive modification
D)Approximal modification

Question 13

In the context of classical conditioning,which of the following components "elicits" a response?

A)UCR
B)UCS
C)CER
D)CSR

Question 14

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ___________and thus ________ the probability of a response.

A)removed; increases
B)removed; decreases
C)presented; increases
D)presented; decreases

Question 15

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of ___________.

A)maturation
B)learning
C)habituation
D)growth cycles

Question 16

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ____________.

A)Skinner
B)Tolman
C)Kohler
D)Pavlov

Question 17

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning,she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.Over several weeks,she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,immediately before leaving the house.Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

A)classical conditioning
B)innate learning
C)punishment by removal
D)instinctive drift

Question 18

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a (an) ____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 19

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and at the time of day they were usually fed.

Question 20

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of _____________.

A)instrumental learning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)habituation

Question 21

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ____________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus adaptation
C)response generalization
D)transfer of habit strength

Question 22

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated simultaneous presentations of a metronome's ticking sound and the food took place during the ___________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 23

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You give the dog a biscuit,and then you ring the bell a second later.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because ___________.

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound
B)the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
C)you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit
D)Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

Question 24

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a(n)______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 25

In a conditioning experiment,a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit.After several pairings,the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound.Which of the following is true?

A)The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B)The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C)The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D)The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 26

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome,he experimented by sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away.Soon,they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome.This represents the process called ______________.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 27

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of white rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 28

The abbreviation UCS stands for ____________.

A)unconditional statement
B)uniform conditioned subject
C)unconditional sensation
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder,which scared you.In this scenario,lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 30

The abbreviation UCR stands for ____________.

A)unconditional reinforcement
B)uniform conditioned rule
C)unconditional retention
D)unconditioned response

Question 31

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food,in this case),the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.

A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading

Question 32

The abbreviation CR stands for ______________.

A)conditional reinforcement
B)contingent reflex
C)conditioned response
D)contingent reflection

Question 33

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n)____________.

A)unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 34

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You sound the bell and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit.You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because _________.

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound
B)the bell should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit
C)you should have had an even longer interval between the bell and the biscuit
D)the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the bell

Question 35

You train your dog,Milo,to salivate at the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less,and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 36

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A)Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
B)Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
C)Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following.
D)Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.

Question 37

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the
Footsteps was a _______.

A)primary reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned response
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 38

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the
____________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 39

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)correlated stimulus
C)conventional structure
D)conditional situation

Question 40

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the _____________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 41

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)instinctive drift
B)innate learning
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)conditioned emotional response

Question 42

John Watson offered a live,white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the ____________ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 43

After a CS comes to elicit the CR,the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR.This process is called _____________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 44

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS,the effect is known as ____________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 45

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as ________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)higher-order conditioning
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 46

An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that:

A)phobias can be reversed.
B)some phobias are more probable due to preparedness.
C)children experience phobias more often than had previously been thought.
D)phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning.

Question 47

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a ticking sound of a metronome that was paired with a meat stimulus.After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established,Pavlov then presented the dog with finger snapping followed by the ticking of a metronome.After a few days,when the snapping sounds were presented alone,the dog salivated.This is an example of ___________.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)neoclassical conditioning
C)generalization
D)operant conditioning

Question 48

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)_____________ response.

A)classical counterconditioned
B)conditioned emotional
C)positively reinforced
D)negatively reinforced

Question 49

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

A)based on classical conditioning
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
C)based on the principle of observational learning
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Question 50

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods.Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour.The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of _____________.

A)classical conditioning
B)vicarious conditioning
C)conditioned emotional response
D)biological preparedness

Question 51

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________________.

A)vicarious conditioning
B)conditioned emotional responses
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 52

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his shee

A)observational learning
B)latent learning
C)instrumental conditioning
D)conditioned taste aversions

Question 53

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __________.

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 54

In the "Little Albert" study,the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

A)white rat
B)loud noise
C)fear of the rat
D)fear of the noise

Question 55

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a:

A)white mouse.
B)brown mouse.
C)white rat.
D)white puppy.

Question 56

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

A)Seligman
B)Garcia
C)Skinner
D)Watson

Question 57

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)instinctive drift
B)innate learning
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)conditioned emotional response

Question 58

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a white rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 59

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a rat
B)a loud noise
C)a high chair
D)a small enclosed space

Question 60

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A)Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished,the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished,the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 61

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ______________.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)effective based learning
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 62

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ____________.

A)biological preparedness
B)inherited conditioned dispositions
C)long-term spontaneous recovery
D)single repetition conditioning

Question 63

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because:

A)the pairing of the CS and UCS doesn't provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS.
B)the pairing of the CS and UCR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS.
C)the pairing of the CS and UCS provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS.
D)the pairing of the UCS and UCR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS.

Question 64

Taste aversion is an example of:

A)punishment that is contingent on the behavior exhibited.
B)classical conditioning from a single pairing of CS and US.
C)simultaneous conditioning.
D)operant conditioning

Question 65

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.

A)the CS substitutes for the UCS
B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
C)the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Question 66

Generally,it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur.One exception to this rule is illustrated by:

A)taste aversions.
B)conditioning voluntary responses.
C)tactile aversions.
D)conditioning eye blink responses.

Question 67

The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ___________.

A)Watson
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Thorndike

Question 68

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________________.

A)cats
B)rabbits
C)dogs
D)pigeons.

Question 69

Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti.Later,the parakeet gets ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

A)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti.
B)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti.
C)The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti.
D)The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

Question 70

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,so he no longer likes chili dogs.Walter has experienced ____________.

A)blocking
B)conditioned taste aversion
C)operant taste conditioning
D)noncontingent conditioning

Question 71

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus,through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus,came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus.This was known as _____________.

A)stimulus substitution
B)the cognitive perspective
C)the Skinner model
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 72

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning,explaining that it occurs because of expectancy?

A)Pavlov
B)Garcia
C)Rescorla
D)Skinner

Question 73

There are two kinds of behavior of which all organisms are capable.If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them,that's ___________.But if she then swats at the gnat,that's ___________.

A)voluntary; involuntary
B)involuntary; voluntary
C)operant; instrumental
D)instrumental; classical

Question 74

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence,it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence,it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of _______________.

A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response

Question 75

Thorndike was known for his work with ___________.

A)a Skinner box
B)a puzzle box
C)modeling
D)monkeys

Question 76

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Question 77

Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds?

A)taste
B)smell
C)vision
D)touch

Question 78

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does,advanced by Rescorla and others,adds the concept of ___________ to conditioning theory.

A)generalization
B)habituation
C)memory loss
D)expectancy

Question 79

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

A)They will develop an aversion to saccharin.
B)They will refuse to drink any water and die.
C)They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.
D)They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Question 80

According to Rescorla's theory,the CS must ___________ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

A)replace
B)come after
C)appear simultaneously with
D)predict