Deck 1: Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

Procedures that allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected best describes

A)inferential statistics
B)sample statistics
C)descriptive statistics
D)population parameters

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Researchers rarely have access to entire populations.How do researchers resolve this limitation?

A)They do not need to resolve this;it is not a limitation at all.
B)They record data from an entire population of people to make inferences concerning characteristics in a sample.
C)They record data from as many persons in a population as possible to draw conclusions concerning only those individuals.
D)They record data from a sample of people in the larger population in order to make inferences concerning characteristics in that larger population.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following best describes a dependent variable?

A)the sample variable
B)the measured behavior
C)the manipulated variable
D)the population variable

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A characteristic (usually numeric)that describes a population is called a

A)sample
B)sample statistic
C)population
D)population parameter

Question 5

________ is the variable in an experiment that is manipulated between conditions being observed.

A)independent variable
B)quasi-independent variable
C)dependent variable

Question 6

A researcher records the time it takes to complete a memory task in a sample of 25 participants.He finds that the average participant completed the test in 43 seconds.The average time to complete this task is called a(n)

A)population parameter
B)sample statistic
C)inferential statistic
D)time trial

Question 7

A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days.The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a(n)

A)population parameter
B)sample statistic
C)inferential statistic
D)time trial

Question 8

Descriptive statistics are procedures used to

A)summarize a set of scores or observations
B)organize a set of scores or observations
C)make sense of a set of scores or observations
D)all of the above

Question 9

Statistical analysis allows researchers to

A)collect data
B)claim that an observation is scientific
C)evaluate scientific observations
D)study physical phenomena but not behavior

Question 10

A therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouse and not a third party.In this example,the dependent variable is

A)the number of partners
B)the spouse
C)lying
D)forgiveness

Question 11

Researchers measure data in a ________ to learn more about individuals in the larger _______ of interest.

A)sample;population
B)statistic;inference
C)population;sample
D)inference;statistic

Question 12

Suppose that a researcher is interested in a group of 10 million people who paid to see a movie playing in theaters.In this example,the 10 million moviegoers would be regarded as

A)a sample of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater
B)a population of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater
C)an independent variable
D)a dependent variable

Question 13

A population can be ____ group of interest to a researcher.

A)any
B)only one
C)only a small
D)only a large

Question 14

________ is the variable that is believed to change in the presence of the independent variable.

A)independent variable
B)quasi-independent variable
C)dependent variable

Question 15

The use of tables and graphs to summarize data is an example of

A)inferential statistics
B)interpretation
C)descriptive statistics
D)generalization

Question 16

Which of the following describes a descriptive statistic?

A)summarize
B)infer
C)generalize
D)predict

Question 17

Which of the following best describes an independent variable?

A)the sample variable
B)the measured behavior
C)the manipulated variable
D)the population variable

Question 18

A characteristic (usually numeric)that describes a sample is called a

A)sample
B)sample statistic
C)population
D)population parameter

Question 19

A researcher records the number of votes for each of five candidates running for class president.Based on her presentation of the following results,what type of statistics did she use?

A)inferential statistics
B)descriptive statistics
C)population statistics
D)deceptive statistics

Question 20

A researcher identifies college students as a group of interest to test her hypothesis.She then identifies a few local college students and selects a small group of the local college students to be observed.In this example,the sample is:

A)not clearly identified
B)all college students
C)the few local college students
D)the small group of college students who here observed

Question 21

Each of the following is an example of quantitative data,except

A)weight in ounces
B)income in dollars
C)political affiliation
D)age in years

Question 22

________ refer(s)to how the properties of numbers can change with different uses.

A)measurability
B)operational definition
C)scales of measurement
D)coding

Question 23

A researcher tests whether the dosage level of some drug (low,high)causes significant differences in health.To do this,the researcher randomly assigns rat subjects to receive a low or high dosage of the drug and records health-related measures in both groups.The type of method described is

A)experimental
B)quasi-experimental
C)correlation
D)operational

Question 24

Each of the following are interval scale measurements,except

A)duration of sleep (in hours)
B)marital satisfaction ratings on a 5-point rating scale
C)the latitude and longitude of birth for those suffering from schizophrenia
D)the body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)increase during exercise

Question 25

Which of the following measures of attraction is an example of a ratio scale measurement?

A)a rating of attraction from most attractive to least attractive
B)a 6-point rating scale from 1 (attractive)to 6 (unattractive)
C)the status of the relationship (acquaintance,dating,married)
D)the physical proximity (in feet and inches)between two romantic partners

Question 26

Three research methods common to research in the behavioral sciences are

A)experimental,transferable,and correlation
B)experimental,variable,and correlational
C)experimental,operational,and quasi-correlational
D)experimental,quasi-experimental,and correlational

Question 27

A consultant ranks the five most needed areas of improvement for a local business.What scale of measurement are the rankings?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 28

The procedure of converting a categorical variable to numeric values,is called:

A)deteriorating
B)piloting
C)coding
D)constructing

Question 29

A researcher compares the amount of college debt (in dollars)that undergraduate students incur up to their four-year degree.College debt is on what scale of measurement?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 30

Interval scales of measurement

A)have equidistant scales
B)have a true zero
C)both a and b

Question 31

Based on the following graphical summary display,what research design was used to record and analyze these data?

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)quasi-experimental
D)either B or C

Question 32

________ data describe numeric aspects of phenomena;whereas ________ data describe nonnumeric aspects of data.

A)quantitative;qualitative
B)qualitative;quantitative
C)continuous;discrete
D)discrete;continuous

Question 33

A researcher measures the body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)of participants immediately before and immediately following sleep.Temperature is on what scale of measurement?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 34

An animal researcher measures the number of times a rat presses a lever located at the right,center,and left of a cage for a food reward.What scale of measurement is the location of lever pressing?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 35

Recording whom students study with describes ________ types of data;whereas recording the number of hours spent studying per week describes ________ types of data.

A)qualitative;quantitative
B)continuous;discrete
C)quantitative;qualitative
D)discrete;continuous

Question 36

Three key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are

A)randomization,manipulation,and variation
B)assignment,manipulation,and comparison/control
C)randomization,manipulation,and comparison/control
D)randomization,condition,and comparison/control

Question 37

State the four scales of measurement in order from least informative to most informative.

A)ordinal,nominal,interval,ratio
B)nominal,ordinal,interval,ratio
C)nominal,ordinal,ratio,interval
D)ordinal,nominal,ratio,interval

Question 38

An education counselor records the number of high school graduates enrolled in community colleges,four-year colleges,and universities.What scale of measurement is the type of college?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 39

A movie critic rates a movie on a scale from one (lowest)to four (highest)stars.What scale of measurement are the ratings?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 40

Which of the following research designs is used to determine the causes of behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs?

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)quasi-experimental
D)all of the above

Question 41

A health practitioner measures the heart rate (in beats per minute)of patients under low,moderate,and high stress levels.Heart rate can be best described as

A)continuous data
B)discrete data
C)a qualitative variable
D)the independent variable

Question 42

You are interested in measuring the construct,reinforcement.Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and continuous?

A)the number of rewards received
B)the type of reward (food,money)
C)the size of a reward in grams
D)the rating of a reward on a scale from 1 (not reinforcing)to 7 (very reinforcing)

Question 43

Most scientists have limited access to the phenomena they study,especially behavioral phenomena.

Question 44

Inferential statistics is used to determine if observations made in a sample are likely to also be observed in the population from which the sample was selected.

Question 45

Descriptive statistics is a branch of mathematics used to make inferences about populations given samples of data.

Question 46

Recording the number of dreams recalled is an example of ________ data;whereas recording the time (in minutes)spent in a dream stage of sleep is an example of ________ data.

A)qualitative;quantitative
B)continuous;discrete
C)quantitative;qualitative
D)discrete;continuous

Question 47

Researcher A measures academic preparedness as the percent correct responses on an entrance exam;Researcher B measures academic preparedness as the current class rank of students.Which researcher measured academic preparedness as discrete data?

A)Researcher A
B)Researcher B
C)both researchers
D)no researchers

Question 48

Two branches of statistics are independent and dependent statistics.

Question 49

Descriptive statistics can be used to describe populations and samples.

Question 50

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used for precisely the same purposes.

Question 51

Qualitative data varies by ________;quantitative data varies by ________.

A)level;value
B)value;level
C)amount;class
D)class;amount

Question 52

________ are measured along a continuum at any place beyond the decimal point.

A)continuous data
B)discrete data
C)qualitative data
D)open-ended data

Question 53

You are interested in measuring the construct,work expertise.Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and discrete?

A)the total time in hours spent working at a company
B)the job title a person holds in a company
C)the percent of correct responses on a work expertise survey
D)the number of employees that work under an employee

Question 54

Researchers often measure sample statistics to estimate or learn more about parameters in populations from which the sample statistics were measured.

Question 55

Descriptive statistics are typically presented graphically,in tabular form (in tables),or as summary statistics (single values).

Question 56

________ are measured in whole units or categories that are not distributed along a continuum.

A)continuous data
B)discrete data
C)quantitative data
D)open-ended data

Question 57

To understand chimpanzee behavior in general,a scientist observes the hierarchy or dominance behavior of a family of male chimpanzees in a naturalistic setting.In this example,the scientist observes the behavior of a population of chimpanzees.

Question 58

Which of the following terms are least likely to be used to describe qualitative data?

A)nominal
B)descriptive
C)categorical
D)numeric

Question 59

Quantitative measures can be

A)discrete data
B)continuous data
C)both a and b

Question 60

A social psychologist wants to study the expression of love toward a significant other among American family members.To study this behavior,the psychologist selects a group of local college students and has them complete a love survey.In this example,the group of local college students is the sample.

Question 61

The duration of drug use (in months)is a ratio scale measurement.

Question 62

A professor measures the number of review sessions attended per week and GPA in a sample of college freshmen and concludes that increased attendance for review sessions is related to higher grades.This research design is an example of an experimental design.

Question 63

Qualitative data are non-numeric data.

Question 64

The weight (in pounds)of a newborn infant is an interval scale measurement.

Question 65

The political affiliation of participants (Democrat,Republican)is an example of discrete,qualitative data.

Question 66

A score on a multiple-choice exam (0-100 points)is a ratio scale measurement.

Question 67

The size of a reward (in grams)is an example of continuous,quantitative data.

Question 68

A rating scale measurement from 1 (completely disagree)to 7 (completely agree)is an example of continuous,qualitative data.

Question 69

A student's letter grade (A,B,C,D,F)is a nominal scale measurement.

Question 70

Many researchers who measure qualitative variables will also measure those that are quantitative in the same study.

Question 71

Children are randomly assigned to complete a low,moderate,or high difficulty task.The time (in seconds)it takes them to complete the task is recorded.In this example,the level of task difficulty is the dependent variable.

Question 72

Categorical data are one example of discrete data.

Question 73

The number of students in a class is an example of discrete,quantitative data.

Question 74

An ordinal scale of measurement is more informative than an interval scale of measurement.

Question 75

Continuous data are strictly distributed in discrete units.

Question 76

A researcher records the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week by students living on campus in rural and urban colleges.In this example,the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week is the dependent variable.

Question 77

A researcher observes the number of tasks completed by male and female participants during a multitasking observation period.In this example,sex (male,female)is the quasi-independent variable.

Question 78

In some cases,the number of participants in a sample can be greater than the number of persons in the population from which the same was selected.

Question 79

Only an experiment can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 80

Children received grapefruit juice mixed with 2%,5%,or 10% sugar to test whether higher concentrations of sugar can enhance liking for the taste of grapefruit juice.In this example,the sugar mixtures are the independent variable.