Deck 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design

Question 1

Using a between-subjects ANOVA design,

A)
Participants are each observed one time
B)n participants are observed k times
C)data are not analyzed between groups
D)the same participants are observed in each group

Answer 1

B

Question 2

ANOVA stands for,

A)analysis of variety
B)analysis of variable attributes
C)analysis of variance
D)association of novel operating variable analyses

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called

A)degrees of freedom numerator
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom between-groups
D)both A and C

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The source of variability associated with error variance in the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is called

A)between-groups variability
B)within-groups variability
C)degrees of freedom
D)both A and B

Question 5

A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-,middle-,or upper-middle-class family.If she observes 15 participants in each group,then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)(2,12)
B)(3,43)
C)(2,42)
D)(3,12)

Question 6

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 5 and N = 80.What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)4
B)5
C)75
D)395

Question 7

A researcher measures attractiveness ratings of a male confederate among 30 women who were told the confederate was either single,dating,or married (n = 10 per group).What are the degrees of freedom for error for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)2
B)3
C)27
D)28

Question 8

Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B)Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure.
C)One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.
D)all of the above

Question 9

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 6 and n = 6 per group.What are the critical values for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?

A)3.70
B)3.47
C)2.53
D)2.42

Question 10

Without changing the value of error variance,the ________ the between-groups variability,the more likely we are to retain the null hypothesis.

A)larger
B)smaller

Question 11

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group.What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)(3,84)
B)(4,88)
C)(4,22)
D)(3,18)

Question 12

For an analysis of variance,the term "one-way" refers to

A)the number of factors in the design
B)the number of statistical tests in the design
C)the number of ways that the data can be analyzed
D)the direction that traffic should follow on a road

Question 13

The degrees of freedom for error is called

A)degrees of freedom error
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom within-groups
D)all of the above

Question 14

Without changing the value of error variance,the ________ the between-groups variability,the more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.

A)larger
B)smaller

Question 15

The term "between-subjects" refers to

A)observing the same participants in each group
B)observing different participants one time in each group
C)the type of post hoc test conducted
D)the type of effect size estimate measured

Question 16

A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large.Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?

A)between-persons
B)within-groups
C)between-groups
D)error

Question 17

Which of the following statements is the appropriate way to read the degrees of freedom for an ANOVA with 10 participants in each of four groups?

A)3 or 36 degrees of freedom
B)3 and 36 degrees of freedom
C)4 and 10 degrees of freedom
D)4 and 36 degrees of freedom

Question 18

What is the minimum number of groups that can be observed using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA design?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 19

A lowercase k is used to denote

A)the number of groups in a study
B)the number of participants in a study
C)the number of levels of the factor in a study
D)both A and C

Question 20

A researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group)to read vignettes describing a person engaging in either a helpful,hurtful,or neutral act.Different participants were assigned to each group and asked to rate how positively they viewed the person described in the vignette.What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?

A)3.07
B)3.44
C)3.47
D)4.32

Question 21

A researcher measures differences in recall between male and female participants following a romantic movie clip.If different participants were in each group,then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)a two-independent sample t test
B)a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
C)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both A and B

Question 22

A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low,moderate,or intense levels of exercise.The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)a related samples t test
B)a two-independent sample t test
C)a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both B and C

Question 23

In a study with three groups and 13 participants in each group,the sum of squares for the within-groups source of variation is 18.What is the value for the mean square within-groups in this study?

A)2
B)3
C)9
D)0.5

Question 24

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?

A)Fisher's LSD test
B)Tukey's HSD test
C)Studentized Newman-Keuls
D)None;each post hoc test is associated with the same power to detect an effect.

Question 25

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect?

A)Schaffé test
B)Tukey's HSD test
C)Bonferroni test
D)Fisher's LSD test

Question 26

Which of the following is not a post hoc test for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)eta-squared
B)Fisher's LSD test
C)Tukey's HSD test
D)Bonferroni test

Question 27

A researcher conducts two studies on self-perception.In Study 1,24 participants rate how positively they view themselves (on a 5-point scale)in one of three groups (n = 8 per group).In Study 2,the researcher conducts a similar study,except that k = 3 and n = 8.If
= 28 and
= 42 in both studies,then in which study will the decision be to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)both
D)none

Question 28

A researcher randomly assigned 32 children to observe a short clip depicting either their favorite superhero,a parent,a teacher,or no person at all (n = 8 per group).If
= 30 and
= 104,then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 29

Computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when

A)different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor
B)the same participants are observed in each of two or more groups for one factor
C)the levels of one or more factors are manipulated
D)all of the above

Question 30

Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2,what is the next appropriate step?

A)Summarize the data;no further tests are required.
B)Interpret the data;no further tests are required.
C)Conduct post hoc tests.
D)both A and B

Question 31

A professor compared differences in class grades between students in their freshman,sophomore,junior,and senior years of college.If different participants were in each group,then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)a two-independent sample t test
B)a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
C)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both A and B

Question 32

When the variability attributed to between-groups is equal to the variability attributed to error,then the value of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is,

A)Equal to 0.
B)Equal to 1.
C)Significant at any sample size.
D)Undefined in that the test statistic cannot be computed in this case.

Question 33

Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.What does this assumption mean?

A)that the population being sampled from is normally distributed
B)that participants are randomly selected to participate in a sample
C)that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected
D)that one observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation

Question 34

A researcher randomly assigned 16 rodents to experience one of four levels of shock (n = 4 per group)following the illumination of a visual cue.If
= 24 and
= 48,then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 35

In a study with four groups and 10 participants in each group,the sum of squares for the between-groups source of variation is 60.What is the value for the mean square between-groups in this study?

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)1.67

Question 36

A researcher conducts two studies on child health.In Study 1,30 children consume either a low-,moderate-,or high-fat meal (n = 10 per group).In Study 2,the researcher conducts the same study,except that a No Meal control group is added,with n = 10 in each group.If
= 3.11 in both studies,then in which study will the decision be to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)both
D)none

Question 37

A researcher computes the following one-way between-subjects ANOVA table.State the decision at a .05 level of significance.(Hint: Complete the table first. )

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 38

A researcher measures differences in romantic feelings among adolescent and adult males.If different participants were in each group,then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)a two-independent sample t test
B)a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
C)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both A and B

Question 39

A researcher assigns 21 adolescents to rate the likability of a person described in a vignette as having one of three personality traits.An equal number of participants are assigned to each group.If
= 4.08 for this study,then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 40

A researcher computes the following one-way between-subjects ANOVA table for a study where k = 3 and n = 12.State the decision at a .05 level of significance.(Hint: Complete the table first. )

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 41

A researcher conducts a study using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.He computes
= 120 and
= 200.What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?

A)0.60
B)0.38
C)1.67
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 42

Post hoc tests are computed

A)Prior to conducting a hypothesis test.
B)To determine which set of degrees of freedom can be attributed to the variability between-groups.
C)Following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons.
D)to determine if groups means differ,even for tests in which the decision is to retain the null hypothesis.

Question 43

A researcher randomly assigns 24 participants to one of four groups.At a .05 level of significance,the critical value for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 3.49.

Question 44

There are two sources of variation in a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: one attributed to differences between groups and one attributed to error.

Question 45

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2,37)= 3.42,p < .05,
= .12.How many participants were observed in this study?

A)12
B)37
C)40
D)39

Question 46

The degrees of freedom for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sample size minus one.

Question 47

A researcher measures mating displays among 12 birds randomly assigned to be in the presence of no cue,an auditory cue,or a visual cue.The degrees of freedom for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 2 and 9 degrees of freedom.

Question 48

Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)eta-squared
B)omega-squared
C)estimated Cohen's d
D)both A and B

Question 49

A "one-way" ANOVA is associated with one degree of freedom.

Question 50

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2,37)= 3.42,p < .05,
= .12.How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this ANOVA result?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)12

Question 51

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2;the sum of squares total is the same in both studies.Using eta-squared,in which study will the effect size be larger?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 52

How does omega-squared for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA correct for the fact that eta-squared tends to be a biased estimate of effect size?

A)It corrects for the size of error by including
In the formula.
B)It includes the degrees of freedom between groups (
)in the formula.
C)It accounts for the number of groups that were observed.
D)all of the above

Question 53

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares between groups is larger in Study 1 than in Study 2;the sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2.Using eta-squared,in which study will the effect size be larger?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 54

An ANOVA is used when samples are selected from two or more populations and when two or more samples are selected from the same population.

Question 55

Which of the following post hoc tests uses the t-critical value in the calculation to determine the critical value for the test?

A)Schaffé test
B)Tukey's HSD test
C)SNK test
D)Fisher's LSD test

Question 56

A one-way between-subjects ANOVA is conducted to test for mean differences between the levels of two or more factors.

Question 57

A "one-way" between-subjects ANOVA is conducted when data are recorded in one group.

Question 58

For a one-way between-subjects ANOVA,a study with 3 and 36 degrees of freedom must have had participants assigned to four groups.

Question 59

Which measure of proportion of variance tends to overestimate the size of an effect in a population?

A)eta-squared
B)omega-squared
C)none of the above

Question 60

An analysis of variance is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses for one or more factors concerning the variance among two or more group means,where the variance in one or more populations is unknown.

Question 61

A mean square is a sample variance.

Question 62

The test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sum of squares between-groups divided by the sum of squares error.

Question 63

To compute a mean square,we divide the sum of squares by degree of freedom for a given source of variation.

Question 64

Cohen's d is the most commonly reported measure of effect size for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 65

The numerator of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the mean variability associated with error.

Question 66

Eta-squared is often reported as
for an analysis of variance test.

Question 67

The test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is used to determine whether the variance associated with having different groups is significantly larger than the variance attributed to chance or error.

Question 68

To conduct a one-way between-subjects ANOVA,we assume that the samples were randomly selected from populations with equal variances,and that participants were independently observed in each group.

Question 69

To summarize the results of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA test,we report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the p value.

Question 70

A significant ANOVA indicates that all pairs of group means significantly differ.

Question 71

Post hoc tests control for the total alpha level for a series of tests conducted on the same data.

Question 72

Unlike omega-squared,the formula for eta-squared corrects for the number of groups and the size of error in its estimate of effect size.

Question 73

Post hoc tests are conducted following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA,only when k > 2.

Question 74

A post hoc test is only necessary following a decision to retain the null hypothesis.

Question 75

The same participants are observed in each group using the between-subjects design.

Question 76

While it is common to report the result of an ANOVA,researchers rarely report the results of a post hoc test.

Question 77

A researcher has the same 18 participants rate 6 pictures (k = 6),each depicting a person with a different body type.The one-way between-subjects ANOVA is an appropriate test statistic to test for mean differences in the ratings of each type of picture.

Question 78

All post hoc tests control for the effect size of a significant result.

Question 79

Two measures of proportion of variance for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA are eta-squared and omega-squared.

Question 80

Violating the assumption of homogeneity of variance tends to increase the likelihood of committing a Type I error.