Deck 4: Understanding How a Child Develops and Learns

Question 1

According to Maria Montessori,which of the following refers to genetically programmed blocks of time when young children are especially eager and able to master certain tasks?

A)Sensational stages
B)Heredity blocks
C)Hierarchy of skills
D)Sensitive periods

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The stage referred to as trust versus mistrust pertains to

A)preschool children's ability to separate from their families at the child care center.
B)a preschooler's ability to take the initiative in planning for his own play experiences.
C)toddlers' acquisition of communication skills.
D)infants' acquisition of a reliable relationship with consistent caring parents or care providers.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

___ is one of the stages a child goes through based on Erikson's psychosocial theory.

A)Attachment versus Separation,ages 0-2
B)Shame versus Happiness,ages 2 and 3
C)Industry versus Inferiority,ages 6-12
D)Habituation versus Boredom,ages 3-5

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following theorists proposed a psychosocial theory suggesting that humans pass through a series of eight stages throughout life?

A)Erik Erikson
B)Jean Piaget
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Arnold Gesell

Question 5

Egocentrism refers to

A)a child's ability to see things from someone's perspective other than his own.
B)a child's difficulty in seeing things from someone's perspective other than his own.
C)a child's difficulty in gaining linguistic skills needed to communicate.
D)a child's ability to teach himself how to read.

Question 6

Which of the following is a cornerstone of Maria Montessori's educational approach?

A)Learning by doing,and children have absorbent minds
B)Learning by watching,and children have a blank mind which teachers write upon with teacher-directed activities
C)Learning by watching,and children have absorbent minds that have limited space to store information
D)Learning by doing,and children have a blank mind which teachers write upon with teacher-directed activities

Question 7

According to Shonkoff,the following are core concepts regarding brain development,except:

A)Early experience shapes the structure of young brains.
B)Young brains build basic connections first,followed by more complex connections
C)Cognitive,social,and emotional functioning are all interrelated.
D)The ability of the brain to change increases over time.

Question 8

Which of the following individuals proposed a theory of human development based on an ecological model?

A)Jean Piaget
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner
C)Jerome Bruner
D)Maria Montessori

Question 9

Infant and toddler development is characterized by

A)rapid growth,making the transition from dependency to more autonomous play and learning.
B)a series of milestones,entering school for the first time,and rapid development rate in comparison to preschoolers.
C)formal schooling,social development,and management of emotions.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Question 10

Jean Piaget's theory on cognitive development suggests that children

A)either assimilate or accommodate new information through experience.
B)go through eight stages of psychosocial development.
C)gain new information only when they receive specific,teacher-directed lessons.
D)gather important information by receiving rewards and punishments from the caregiver.

Question 11

Developmentally appropriate practice refers to

A)basing the curriculum on an in-depth understanding of child development and learning.
B)basing the curriculum on parent's individual opinions on what children need to develop.
C)basing curriculum on preparing children to take standardized tests.
D)basing early care and learning curriculum on the teaching expectations,approaches,and content found in the elementary grades.

Question 12

British researcher John Bowlby researched and wrote about:

A)deficiency needs
B)stages of psychosocial development
C)attachment
D)ecological development

Question 13

An outcome of the popular book From Neurons to Neighborhoods (Shonkoff & Phillips,2000)has been the growing emphasis on _____ as an important issue in development.

A)self preservation
B)self esteem
C)self regulation
D)self monitoring

Question 14

All of the following are characteristics of developmentally appropriate practices except

A)child-initiated,child-directed,adult-supported play.
B)all areas of development are integrated into the planned activities.
C)active parent involvement.
D)learning is viewed as a passive process.
E)multicultural,nonsexist materials and experiences.

Question 15

Schemas,according to Jean Piaget,are

A)direct teaching strategies the teacher uses to work with young children.
B)scaffolding experiences teachers provide for children.
C)general ways of thinking about or interacting with things in our environment.
D)indirect planning strategies for curriculum development.

Question 16

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences includes all of the following except:

A)interpersonal intelligence
B)naturalistic intelligence
C)sociocultural intelligence
D)spatial intelligence

Question 17

Lev Vygotsky's theory is based on the understanding that development is influenced

A)by rewards and punishments regardless of the people and experiences the child encounters.
B)by cultural and social activities in which a person experiences and is raised in.
C)by eight stages of psychosocial challenges that children need to overcome.
D)only by the child's heredity.

Question 18

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that there are

A)12 intelligences that people possess to greater or lesser degree.
B)8 intelligences that people possess to greater or lesser degree.
C)12 intelligences that people possess to the same degree.
D)8 intelligences that people possess to the same degree.

Question 19

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs includes all of the following except:

A)deficiency needs
B)growth needs
C)health needs
D)self-actualization

Question 20

Abraham Maslow collated his ideas about human development into the theory called

A)humanistic theory.
B)constructivist theory.
C)maturational theory.
D)multiple intelligence theory.

Question 21

Children who are egocentric have a difficult time seeing things from any perspective other than their own.

Question 22

Choose one of Gardner's intelligences and describe how,as an early learning professional,you might encourage a young child who demonstrates skills in that type of intelligence.

Question 23

Preschoolers age 3 to 5 are characterized by

A)rapid growth,making the transition from dependency to more autonomous play and learning.
B)a series of milestones,many entering school for the first time,with continued rapid development.
C)formal schooling,social development,and management of emotions.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Question 24

Primary-school-age children are characterized by

A)rapid growth,making the transition from dependency to more autonomous play and learning.
B)a series of milestones,entering school for the first time,and rapid development rate in comparison to infants and toddlers.
C)formal schooling,social development,and management of emotions.
D)sensorimotor thinking.

Question 25

Maslow believed that if a person's deficiency needs were not met,their higher-level needs could not be met.

Question 26

The following are often characteristics of gifted children except:

A)demonstration of excellence beyond most children of the same age.
B)unusually strong language skills.
C)attention to detail.
D)talented,but unable to perform or show potential for performance.
E)curiosity and a willingness to explore possibilities.

Question 27

ADHD refers to

A)attention-defiant/hypertension disorder.
B)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C)attentive-determined/heredity disease.
D)attentive-deficit/heredity disease.

Question 28

Attachment is an emotional bond that occurs between two people and is essential to healthy relationships.

Question 29

Intrapersonal intelligence is the special ability to understand other people.

Question 30

The attachment bond usually begins at about 14 months.

Question 31

Describe the positive aspects of the attachment relationship.

Question 32

Vygotsky believed that language was a crucial tool for learning.

Question 33

As we take in new information from the world around us,we assimilate much of that information into already existing schema.

Question 34

Ellen Galinsky emphasized in her book Mind in the Making,the inter-relationship between:

A)executive functions and self-esteem
B)self-regulation and perspective taking
C)executive function and the ability to self-regulate
D)perspective taking and self actualization

Question 35

Maria Montessori developed a task performance concept referred to as the zone of proximal development.

Question 36

Describe how a child in the stage of sensorimotor intelligence learns about the world.

Question 37

Piaget is best known for his work on multiple intelligences.

Question 38

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Question 39

Children with special needs are often categorized as disabled,at-risk,or gifted.

Question 40

Describe Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of human development.

Question 41

Compare and contrast two of the theorists presented in this chapter.What are the similarities and differences between the theorists selected?

Question 42

Attachment is viewed as crucial for healthy social and emotional development.What are some implications of attachment for the early care and learning professional? How should knowing about attachment influence caregivers working with infants and toddlers?

Question 43

Describe the importance of early brain development.
Essay

Question 44

Describe how children who are at risk might experience developmental delays.

Question 45

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has many implications for early learning professionals.First of all,where do you think teaching/learning fits in this hierarchy? What are the implications of placement? What role should/do professionals play in meeting student needs? Implications?

Question 46

Vygotsky had many practical implications for early learning professionals.Chose one of the implications discussed in the text and that implication's correlation to your own teaching.

Question 47

Developmentally appropriate practice sounds like such a reasonable approach to teaching and learning.Yet,many public school teachers at the primary level are unaware of the important characteristics or don't use them in practice.Why do you think this is the case?

Question 48

Describe Piaget's view of the constructivist approach to learning and development.