Deck 10: Section 2: Personality

Question 1

Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of a personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

A)trait
B)social cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Answer 1

psychoanalytic

Question 2

The term "Freudian slip" refers to:

A)an undergarment that was worn by fashionable upper-class women in Vienna in the early 1900s.
B)thinking and behaving in a way that is the opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
C)a freely expressed pent-up emotion that emerges spontaneously during psychotherapy.
D)an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.

Answer 2

an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.

Question 3

Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of a personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

A)psychoanalytic
B)trait
C)social cognitive
D)humanistic

Answer 3

social cognitive

Question 4

Anna is sitting in Sigmund Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. After some discussion Freud suggests to Anna that the train probably symbolized a man's penis and the action of entering the dark tunnel probably symbolized sexual intercourse. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory the symbolic, or hidden, meaning of the dream images is called the _____ content.

A)preconscious
B)manifest
C)latent
D)displaced

Question 5

_____ had a strong influence on Freud's early career introducing him to the use of hypnosis in treating patients with psychological problems.

A)Alfred Adler
B)Josef Breuer
C)Hermann Rorschach
D)Carl Jung

Question 6

Who wrote The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Interpretation of Dreams?

A)Carl Jung
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Josef Breuer
D)Karen Horney

Question 7

Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

A)trait
B)social cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 8

Sue had a dream in which all of her teeth fell out. According to her friend Lisa, who is interested in dream interpretation, this means that Sue is afraid of speaking up during meetings with her boss. Freud might say that _____ is an example of latent content in this scenario.

A)Sue's tooth loss
B)Sue's fear of speaking
C)Sue's boss
D)Lisa's dream interpretation

Question 9

The publication of the book entitled _____ in 1895 is regarded as the formal beginning of psychoanalysis.

A)The Interpretation of Dreams
B)Civilization and Its Discontents
C)Studies in Hysteria
D)The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

Question 10

Judy had a dream that she was drowning. In the morning she consulted a dream interpretation Web site which said that dreams about drowning reflect unconscious feelings of being overwhelmed in one's work life. In Freudian terms drowning is the _____ content and being overwhelmed is the _____ content in this scenario.

A)manifest; latent
B)latent; manifest
C)preconscious; displaced
D)displaced; preconscious

Question 11

Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory the dream images that Angela remembers such as the train and the tunnel are called the _____ content.

A)manifest
B)repressed
C)latent
D)sublimated

Question 12

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the _____ content.

A)manifest
B)projected
C)latent
D)cathartic

Question 13

Sue had a dream in which all of her teeth fell out. According to her friend Lisa who is interested in dream interpretation this means that Sue is afraid of speaking up during meetings with her boss. Freud might say that _____ is an example of manifest content in this scenario.

A)Sue's tooth loss
B)Sue's fear of speaking
C)Sue's boss
D)Lisa's dream interpretation

Question 14

Personality theories:

A)attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.
B)focus on explaining the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.
C)focus on personality types rather than on personality traits and characteristics.
D)are impossible to test scientifically.

Question 15

During his presentation, Timothy introduced his discussion topic as "war and peach" when he meant to say "war and peace." Freud might suggest that Timothy has an unconscious wish to devour a fresh, tasty peach. This is an example of a:

A)conscious error.
B)Freudian slip.
C)superego intrusion.
D)Freudian expression.

Question 16

Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients:

A)spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.
B)looking at inkblots and interpreting what they saw.
C)making up a story about an ambiguous picture.
D)instantly responding to each of 50 words that Freud read to them.

Question 17

Early in his medical career Freud investigated the anesthetic properties of:

A)cocaine.
B)nitrous oxide.
C)ether.
D)morphine.

Question 18

In psychology the term personality refers to:

A)a person's skill in making others feel good about himself or herself.
B)the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays.
C)the way people perceive a particular person.
D)an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Question 19

According to Freud _____ "is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind."

A)remembering childhood events
B)information revealed through hypnosis
C)the manifest content of dreams
D)the interpretation of dreams

Question 20

The emphasis on unconscious mental processes is to the _____ perspective as the emphasis on learning and conscious cognitive processes is to the _____ perspective.

A)trait; humanistic
B)psychoanalytic; social cognitive
C)humanistic; psychoanalytic
D)social cognitive; trait

Question 21

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?

A)the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
B)the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world
C)the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts
D)the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations

Question 22

Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?

A)Thanatos
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?

A)the preconscious
B)the collective unconscious
C)the conscious
D)the unconscious

Question 24

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that is present at birth and ruled by the pleasure principle?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The pleasure principle is represented by the penguin.

Question 25

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that doesn't develop until about age 5 or 6, and represents a person's conscience?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Conscience is depicted by the whale.

Question 26

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)libido.

Question 27

According to Freud the ego is guided by _____, whereas the id is guided by _____.

A)Thanatos; Eros
B)Eros; Thanatos
C)the reality principle; the pleasure principle
D)the pleasure principle; the reality principle

Question 28

At day care 3-year-old Sara has learned that she has to wait her turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)Thanatos instinct.

Question 29

Julian loves the thrill of engaging in antisocial behavior. He does things that excite him and he does not even think of the impact of his actions on his own safety or the safety of others. On Tuesday he parachuted out of an airplane in the morning and then successfully committed an armed robbery of a liquor store in the afternoon. Using Freud's terminology which component of Julian's personality was dominating his behavior when he engaged in these activities?

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the superego
D)Eros

Question 30

Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?

A)It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.
B)It is "a cauldron of seething excitement" that wants immediate gratification of instinctual drives and urges.
C)It is the component of personality that operates on the reality principle.
D)It is the source of the life instinct and death instinct.

Question 31

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?

A)the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts
B)the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
C)the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations
D)the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world

Question 32

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the id?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The id is represented by the penguin.

Question 33

In Freud's theory which component of personality is present at birth and is completely unconscious?

A)the superego
B)the ego
C)the archetype
D)the id

Question 34

Freud used the term _____ to refer specifically to sexual energy or motivation.

A)Thanatos
B)libido
C)Eros
D)sublimination

Question 35

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

A)preconscious
B)unconscious
C)conscious
D)latent

Question 36

According to Freud the basic goal of the id is to:

A)punish the self by inflicting feelings of guilt and inferiority.
B)delay gratification until a socially acceptable time.
C)seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.
D)channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.

Question 37

Before reading this question you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality the name was stored at the _____ level of awareness. However, once the name is brought to mind it is at the _____ level of awareness.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)unconscious; preconscious
C)preconscious; conscious
D)latent; preconscious

Question 38

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the superego?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The superego is represented by the penguin.

Question 39

Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ that which rational and reality-oriented are to the _____.

A)id; ego
B)id; superego
C)ego; superego
D)superego; id

Question 40

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the ego?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The ego is represented by the walrus.

Question 41

Deanne really wants to drink a glass of wine but she knows that it will make her too sleepy to finish her research paper which is due in the morning. Deanne decides to save the glass of wine as a reward and drink it after she has completed her research paper. Which component of Freud's theory of personality facilitates Deanne's delay of gratification?

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the pleasure principle

Question 42

Freud believed that a special form of displacement, called _____, is largely responsible for the productive and creative contributions of people and even whole societies.

A)regression
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)reaction formation

Question 43

In Freud's theory of personality the _____ operates on the _____, which is the capacity to delay gratification until an appropriate time.

A)id; pleasure principle
B)superego; reality principle
C)ego; reality principle
D)superego; pleasure principle

Question 44

When Carol was 8 years old her mother died. As an adult Carol has no memories of attending her mother's funeral. Which ego defense mechanism in Freud's theory would best account for the fact that Carol has no memories of this upsetting event?

A)undoing
B)projection
C)displacement
D)repression

Question 45

Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Carolina's behavior toward her dog?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)denial
D)rationalization

Question 46

Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves:

A)attributing one's own unacceptable urges to others.
B)channeling sexual urges into productive, nonsexual activities.
C)behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
D)atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.

Question 47

_____ is a form of _____ in which sexual urges are channeled into productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities.

A)Sublimation; displacement
B)Undoing; repression
C)Reaction formation; rationalization
D)Repression; projection

Question 48

Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ what going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.

A)displacement; sublimation
B)rationalization; repression
C)undoing; reaction formation
D)denial; projection

Question 49

Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?

A)According to Freud, using ego defense mechanisms requires psychological energy.
B)Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.
C)Ego defense mechanisms can be a way of psychologically buying time while seeking a realistic solution to a problem.
D)Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety.

Question 50

Although he stayed calm during the conversation Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because Mark felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)denial
D)rationalization

Question 51

Troy and Carrie are a couple. Troy is unable to consciously admit he has strong feelings of sexual attraction to other women. However he suspects and accuses Carrie of being sexually attracted to other men, even though Carrie has never done anything to arouse such suspicions. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Troy's behavior?

A)displacement
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)undoing

Question 52

Although they have been broken up for months, Hector still bought Shivangi flowers and chocolates for Valentine's Day. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Hector's behavior?

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 53

After Jack's loan application for a new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable, and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?

A)repression
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)reaction formation

Question 54

While talking to another coworker Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly toward Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug's behavior?

A)sublimation
B)undoing
C)repression
D)projection

Question 55

As a child Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Having realized this Dan decided to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud Dan's _____, which operates on the _____ principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

A)id; pleasure
B)ego; reality
C)superego; morality
D)defense mechanism; denial

Question 56

When Nicole was invited for a job interview at State University, she was extremely excited. However, when she learned that she would not get the job, Nicole told everyone, "It's just as well; I didn't really want to move to that cold, isolated wilderness anyway." Which ego defense mechanism best explains Nicole's behavior?

A)reaction formation
B)rationalization
C)repression
D)reactivation

Question 57

A religious leader in a small city led a crusade against the local X-rated movie theaters, topless dance bars, and strip clubs, often leading groups of angry citizens to storm the buildings and threaten to shut them down. After a great deal of publicity, however, a newspaper published photos of the same man frequenting strip clubs and patronizing prostitutes in a neighboring state. Sigmund Freud would explain this man's behavior as an example of:

A)displacement.
B)regression.
C)reaction formation.
D)sublimation.

Question 58

Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her "husband" rather than her "ex-husband" when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 59

Deanne really wants to drink a glass of wine but she knows that it will make her too sleepy to finish her research paper which is due in the morning. Deanne's roommate encourages her to have the wine anyway saying "if it feels good, then do it." The roommate appears to be governed by which component of Freud's theory of personality?

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the reality principle

Question 60

Ego defense mechanisms:

A)increase anxiety.
B)operate consciously.
C)distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.
D)provide a safe outlet for the libido.

Question 61

It was _____ who said, "The whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution is born anew in the brain structure of every individual."

A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Jung
C)Karen Horney
D)Hans Eysenck

Question 62

Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)phallic
B)genital
C)latency
D)oral

Question 63

According to Freud, during the genital stage of psychosexual development:

A)sexual urges are repressed.
B)incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.
C)identification with same-sex peers occurs.
D)oral fixation occurs.

Question 64

After Lauren broke up with him, Evan told his friends how happy he was that Lauren was out of his life. Nevertheless, Evan keeps thinking of things that he left at Lauren's apartment and calls her or stops by her apartment several times a week. Each time he sees her, he is insulting and unpleasant and tells Lauren that he hopes he never sees her again. Evan's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?

A)reaction formation
B)identification
C)displacement
D)undoing

Question 65

Of the following theorists, who is NOT a Neo-Freudian?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Alfred Adler
C)Karen Horney
D)Carl Jung

Question 66

Which neo-Freudian did Sigmund Freud choose as his successor to lead the international psychoanalytic movement, calling him his "adopted son" and "crown prince"?

A)Hermann Rorschach
B)Alfred Adler
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Carl Jung

Question 67

Five-year-old Cara has recently begun imitating her mother's actions and mannerisms. Freud would probably say that Cara's identification with her mother is the child's way of resolving the anxiety caused by:

A)fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)projection at the genital stage of psychosexual development.
C)the Oedipus complex.
D)displacement at the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

Question 68

According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

A)are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.
B)intensify and cause great anxiety.
C)become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.
D)produce catharsis.

Question 69

In Freud's theory if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development the:

A)child's ego may not develop.
B)child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.
C)parent will experience the psychological influence of the superego, which will promote strong feelings of guilt and inferiority.
D)child will experience reaction formation and behave in a way that is directly opposite to the frustrated desires.

Question 70

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.

A)penis envy; womb envy
B)castration anxiety; womb envy
C)womb envy; penis envy
D)castration anxiety; penis envy

Question 71

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth Jessica provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory Jessica is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.

A)reaction formation; oral
B)the Oedipus complex; genital
C)fixation; oral
D)fixation; anal

Question 72

According to Freud, the successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development involves the child's use of the defense mechanism of:

A)identification.
B)fixation.
C)reaction formation.
D)undoing.

Question 73

The neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's notion that:

A)sexual urges are the primary motivator of behavior.
B)early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.
C)basic human nature is aggressive and destructive.
D)unconscious mental processes influence behavior.

Question 74

According to Freud's theory the Oedipus complex:

A)occurs during the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.
C)first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface.
D)is resolved through the defense mechanism of reaction formation.

Question 75

Gordon's 5-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

A)fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)the latency stage of psychosexual development.
C)the Oedipus complex.
D)his attainment of the genital stage of psychosexual development.

Question 76

The neo-Freudians were a group of:

A)personality theorists who rejected almost all of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory and went on to develop their own personality theories
B)psychoanalysts who accompanied Freud on his lecture tour of the United States and who stayed in the New World in order to promote Freudian theory and practice
C)personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories
D)psychoanalysts who rejected Freud's theory of personality development but nevertheless used his therapeutic techniques for treating their patients

Question 77

Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B)oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
C)anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
D)oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic

Question 78

In Freud's view, the final attainment of a psychologically healthy personality and sense of sexuality occurs when the individual:

A)achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.
B)achieves fixation.
C)directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes for the opposite-sex parent.
D)represses all sexual urges.

Question 79

In contrast to Freud, Carl Jung believed that:

A)there were eight stages of psychosexual development.
B)people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.
C)men often suffer from womb envy.
D)personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan.

Question 80

Because the beginnings of his own sexual attraction to some of the girls in his seventh-grade class were so anxiety-provoking to Jeff, he often found himself teasing the girls to whom he was most attracted. Jeff's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?

A)rationalization
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)undoing