Deck 10: Section 3: Personality

Question 1

Freud believed that the most fundamental ego defense mechanism was repression.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Before reading this question, you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, the name was stored at the preconscious level of awareness. However, once the name is brought to mind, it is at the conscious level of awareness.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, which is a personality theory that stressed the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the importance of early childhood experiences.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most personality theories focus on very limited aspects of human behavior.

Question 5

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the preconscious.

Question 6

Displacement is an ego defense mechanism that involves attributing your own unacceptable feelings or characteristics to another person.

Question 7

As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan's ego, which operates on the reality principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

Question 8

The superego is the internal representation of parental and societal values.

Question 9

Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are the basic structures of personality.

Question 10

Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Carolina's behavior illustrates the ego defense mechanism of sublimation.

Question 11

Ego defense mechanisms are used only by people who are seriously troubled or psychologically disturbed and are almost always a sign that a serious mental disorder is present.

Question 12

The 1895 publication of the book entitled Studies on Hysteria, which was written by Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud, is the event considered the beginning of psychoanalysis.

Question 13

The reality principle requires the capacity to postpone gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist in the external world.

Question 14

Early in his career, Freud collaborated with a physician named Joseph Breuer, who introduced Freud to the use of hypnosis to treat people with psychological symptoms.

Question 15

According to Freud, the newborn's personality is completely dominated by the ego.

Question 16

Freud used the term libido to describe the superego's use of guilt as a motivating force.

Question 17

Personality theories can generally be grouped under four main perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social-cognitive, and trait theories.

Question 18

The ego is ruled by the pleasure principle.

Question 19

Anxiety is produced when demands from either the id or the superego threaten to overwhelm the ego.

Question 20

According to Freud, if you are a food-craving, sex-driven, face-punching individual, you are embracing the superego side of your personality. If you go to the other extreme and never do anything outside of your strict moral guidelines, you are embracing the id side of your personality.

Question 21

According to Freud newborn infants are in the latency stage of psychosexual development.

Question 22

Sexual urges are expressed freely during the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stages.

Question 23

According to Sigmund Freud the collective unconscious is the deepest part of the unconscious, which is shared by all people and reflects human evolutionary history.

Question 24

In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology took an optimistic view of human nature and emphasized the study of the healthy personality.

Question 25

Alfred Adler held that the most fundamental human motive was striving for superiority.

Question 26

According to Freud, both boys and girls resolve the Oedipus complex by identifying with the same-sex parent in order to resist incestuous urges.

Question 27

Because Freud's ideas have been confirmed by extensive experimental evidence, contemporary psychologists believe that his psychoanalytic theory is still the most accurate depiction of human personality.

Question 28

One of Freud's most significant contributions was that he drew attention to the importance of mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness, an idea that continues to be actively investigated by contemporary researchers.

Question 29

The "third force" in psychology refers to the behavioral genetic approach to studying personality.

Question 30

According to Karen Horney, men compensate for their inability to bear children through their careers and other creative pursuits.

Question 31

According to Freud, identification involves a child imitating and internalizing the same-sex parent's values, attitudes, and mannerisms.

Question 32

Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler agreed with Freud that early childhood experiences and unconscious mental processes were very important but disagreed with Freud's view that sexuality was the primary human motive.

Question 33

In Freud's theory, the correct order of the psychosexual stages is: (1) oral, (2) anal, (3) phallic, (4) latency, and (5) genital stages.

Question 34

In Carl Jung's theory of personality, culturally universal themes such as the hero, the nurturing mother, the powerful father, and the innocent child represent archetypes.

Question 35

The famous psychoanalyst Alfred Adler said, "To be human means to have inferiority feelings.… But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."

Question 36

Research strongly supports Carl Jung's contention that the archetypes are genetically passed from one generation to the next.

Question 37

The Oedipus complex refers to a child's sexual attraction to the same-sex parent.

Question 38

Six months after their divorce was finalized, Morgan continued to refer to Eric as her "husband" rather than as her "ex-husband." This would be an example of denial.

Question 39

For boys, successfully resolving the Oedipus complex involves the development of the incest taboo and identification with the father.

Question 40

Although they have been broken up for months, Hector still bought Shivangi flowers and chocolates for Valentine's Day. Hector is demonstrating the ego defense mechanism called rationalization.

Question 41

The social cognitive personality theory assumes that a person's behavior and personality are determined solely by learning experiences.

Question 42

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.

Question 43

Although Rogers believed that the essence of human nature was destructive, Freud believed that humans are innately good and should be trusted.

Question 44

Carl Rogers believed that people were essentially positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy.

Question 45

Psychologist Carl Rogers maintained that the most effective child-rearing practices involve conditional positive regard.

Question 46

Reciprocal determinism is a model that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Question 47

Carl Rogers believed that parents could effectively discipline their children while still providing unconditional positive regard.

Question 48

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency, the drive to maintain and enhance the self.

Question 49

A person's self-efficacy beliefs can vary greatly from one situation to another.

Question 50

Humanistic psychology has made lasting contributions to the fields of psychotherapy, counseling, parenting, and education.

Question 51

According to the humanistic perspective in psychology, an individual's subjective perception of his or her self is the most important factor in personality.

Question 52

The social cognitive perspective on personality has provided many insights into unconscious processes.

Question 53

In contrast to the psychoanalytic idea that behavior is determined by unconscious motives, the social cognitive perspective emphasizes the idea that people have the capacity to consciously control and direct their own behavior.

Question 54

According to Carl Rogers, the need to maintain a self-concept is so strong that people will deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept.

Question 55

A key strength of the social cognitive perspective on personality is its emphasis on naturalistic, real-world observations.

Question 56

According to Carl Rogers, the fully functioning person is likely to be creative and spontaneous, and to enjoy harmonious relationships with other people.

Question 57

Carl Rogers believed that when a person experiences incongruence or conditional positive regard, he or she is likely to use unconscious defense mechanisms to fight off the psychic anxiety.

Question 58

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of the social cognitive theory of personality.

Question 59

A strength of the humanistic perspective is that many of its ideas, such as the importance of the actualizing tendency and unconditional positive regard, have been objectively measured and confirmed by experimental research.

Question 60

Self-efficacy beliefs are strengthened when new skills are mastered, and challenges are successfully met.

Question 61

According to the trait perspective on personality, surface traits represent the most fundamental dimensions of personality and are thought to be relatively few in number.

Question 62

An early personality researcher named Gordon Allport combed through an English dictionary and identified 4,000 words that described personality traits.

Question 63

The five-factor model of personality is based on Carl Jung's theory of personality and his proposal that people could be categorized into discrete personality types.

Question 64

A trait is defined as a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way and is usually described in terms of a dimension that ranges between two extremes.

Question 65

Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck agreed that there were 16 basic source traits or trait dimensions.

Question 66

Brain-imaging studies showed that people who were high in extraversion showed higher levels of brain activation in response to positive images relative to people who were low in extraversion.

Question 67

According to Hans Eysenck, introverts have a nervous system which is more easily aroused than extraverts.

Question 68

Hans Eysenck believed that personality could be described in terms of two basic dimensions: introverted/neurotic and extraverted/stable.

Question 69

According to Hans Eysenck, introverts seek out stimulating environments and extraverts seek out unstimulating environments.

Question 70

Psychologist Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called factor analysis to help him arrive at the set of sixteen source traits, which he believed represented the most basic personality traits.

Question 71

In Eysenck's theory of personality types, a person could be described as being high in both introversion and extraversion.

Question 72

Hans Eysenck's trait theory is the most widely accepted theory of personality today.

Question 73

The general goal of trait theorists is to identify the most basic dimensions of personality.

Question 74

According to the five-factor model of personality, the five basic dimensions of personality are: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Question 75

Hans Eysenck used two of his three basic trait dimensions to formulate a model of personality in which people can be classified as one of four basic types.

Question 76

One research study found that extraverts preferred to study in a stimulating environment, while introverts preferred to study in a quiet, unstimulating environment. This study provided empirical support for Hans Eysenck's model of personality traits.

Question 77

In contrast to psychoanalysis, trait theories of personality focus primarily on describing individual differences.

Question 78

In general, situational factors have more influence on behavior than personality traits.

Question 79

The social cognitive perspective ignores unconscious influences, emotions, and conflicts.

Question 80

Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck developed the five-factor model of personality.