Deck 9: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

Question 1

IDENTIFICATIONS
Latin America revolts

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

During the 1830s and 1840s, did Britain undergo a silent revolution of laws and gradual shifts?

Answer 3

During the 1830s and 1840s, Britain indeed experienced what has been characterized as a "silent revolution" due to a series of laws and gradual shifts that significantly transformed the political, social, and economic landscape of the country. This period was marked by a number of key reforms that laid the groundwork for modern parliamentary democracy and the beginnings of a more inclusive and equitable society. Here are some of the major changes that took place:1. The Reform Act of 1832: Also known as the Great Reform Act, this was a watershed moment in British politics. It addressed the issue of electoral inequality by redistributing seats in the House of Commons, abolishing "rotten boroughs" (areas with very few voters that were often controlled by a single patron), and granting representation to new industrial towns and cities. It also expanded the electorate by lowering the property qualification for voting, although it still excluded the working class and women.
2. The Factory Acts: A series of laws were passed to improve conditions for workers in factories, particularly children. The Factory Act of 1833 limited the number of hours children could work and required factory inspections. Subsequent acts extended protections to women and set further limits on working hours for both adults and children.
3. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834: This act reformed the system of poor relief by establishing workhouses where those unable to support themselves were provided with work and shelter. The conditions in these workhouses were intentionally harsh to discourage reliance on public assistance, reflecting the Victorian belief in self-reliance and the stigma associated with poverty.
4. The Abolition of Slavery: The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 marked the end of slavery throughout most of the British Empire. This was a significant moral and social change, although it was also influenced by economic factors and the rise of wage labor.
5. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835: This act reformed local government in boroughs and towns, introducing a uniform system of municipal governance with elected councils. It aimed to reduce corruption and improve civic administration.
6. The Corn Laws Repeal: In 1846, the Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported grain to protect domestic producers, were repealed. This was a victory for the free trade movement and marked a shift towards a more liberal economic policy that would dominate British politics for the rest of the century.
7. The Chartist Movement: Although not a legislative change, the Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s was a significant social and political development. It was a working-class movement that demanded universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and other democratic reforms. While the Chartists did not achieve all their aims directly, they did influence public opinion and set the stage for future reforms.
These reforms did not happen overnight, nor did they immediately transform British society. However, they represented significant steps towards modernization and democratization. The changes were "silent" in the sense that they were largely legislative and did not involve the kind of violent upheaval seen in other countries, such as the French Revolution. Instead, Britain's transformation was characterized by a series of deliberate, if sometimes contentious, policy shifts that gradually redefined the nation's political and social structures.

Question 4

IDENTIFICATIONS
the congress system

Question 5

IDENTIFICATIONS
Congress of Vienna

Question 6

Discuss the revolutions of 1848 in France, central Europe, and Italy.What caused them? What did they achieve initially? Why did the revolutionary forces fail? What did the revolutions actually achieve?

Question 7

Compare the revolutions of Latin America to the revolutions of Europe during the early to middle decades of the nineteenth century.

Question 8

IDENTIFICATIONS
Concert of Europe

Question 9

IDENTIFICATIONS
Joseph de Maistre and conservatism

Question 10

IDENTIFICATIONS
"legitimacy"

Question 11

Discuss the major ideas of Romanticism and show why they were related to the social, artistic, and literary forces of the age.

Question 12

What might be political romanticism? Define it and give examples from the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 13

Did the Congress of Vienna represent a resurgence of old traditions or the emergence of a new international order, or, perhaps, some of both?

Question 14

What were some of the means that governments attempted to maintain "order" in the nineteenth century? Which were most successful, and why?

Question 15

Compare and contrast the concepts of romanticism as exhibited in Caspar David Friedrich's Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon with Eugene Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus.

Question 16

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideologies of liberalism, nationalism, and early or utopian socialism? Why were liberalism, nationalism, and early socialism considered revolutionary by many people? How were these ideologies similar? How were they different?

Question 17

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century? How were these ideas put into practice between 1815 and 1830? How has conservative ideology changed over the last century?

Question 18

IDENTIFICATIONS
Klemens von Metternich

Question 19

IDENTIFICATIONS
Edmund Burke and conservatism

Question 20

IDENTIFICATIONS
balance of power

Question 21

IDENTIFICATIONS
On the Subjection of Women

Question 22

IDENTIFICATIONS
Burschenschaften

Question 23

IDENTIFICATIONS
John Stuart Mill

Question 24

IDENTIFICATIONS
Carbonari

Question 25

IDENTIFICATIONS
Louis XVIII and Charles X

Question 26

IDENTIFICATIONS
David Ricardo's "iron law of wages"

Question 27

IDENTIFICATIONS
Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre

Question 28

IDENTIFICATIONS
Germanic Confederation

Question 29

IDENTIFICATIONS
Thomas Malthus

Question 30

IDENTIFICATIONS
Robert Owen's New Lanark

Question 31

IDENTIFICATIONS
Charles Fourier's phalansteries

Question 32

IDENTIFICATIONS
the Decembrist Revolt

Question 33

IDENTIFICATIONS
France's July Revolution of 1830

Question 34

IDENTIFICATIONS
Britain's Tories and Whigs

Question 35

IDENTIFICATIONS
utopian socialism

Question 36

IDENTIFICATIONS
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan

Question 37

IDENTIFICATIONS
classical economics

Question 38

IDENTIFICATIONS
Tsar Nicholas I

Question 39

IDENTIFICATIONS
Monroe Doctrine

Question 40

IDENTIFICATIONS
Greek Revolt

Question 41

IDENTIFICATIONS
brothers Grimm

Question 42

IDENTIFICATIONS
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

Question 43

IDENTIFICATIONS
Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz

Question 44

IDENTIFICATIONS
France's Second Republic

Question 45

IDENTIFICATIONS
Louis Kossuth

Question 46

IDENTIFICATIONS
neo-Gothic architecture

Question 47

IDENTIFICATIONS
serjents, "bobbies," and Schutzmannschaft

Question 48

IDENTIFICATIONS
Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron

Question 49

IDENTIFICATIONS
William Wordsworth

Question 50

IDENTIFICATIONS
Jacksonian Democracy

Question 51

IDENTIFICATIONS
Goethe's The Sorrows of the Young Werther

Question 52

IDENTIFICATIONS
revolutions of 1848

Question 53

IDENTIFICATIONS
London Mechanics' Institute

Question 54

IDENTIFICATIONS
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy

Question 55

IDENTIFICATIONS
Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W.Turner and Eugene Delacroix

Question 56

IDENTIFICATIONS
Reform Act of 1832

Question 57

IDENTIFICATIONS
Sir Walter Scott

Question 58

IDENTIFICATIONS
Romanticism

Question 59

IDENTIFICATIONS
parties of Movement and Resistance

Question 60

IDENTIFICATIONS
Frankfurt Assembly

Question 61

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?

A) Peru.
B) Paraguay.
C) Uruguay.
D) Colombia.
E) Panama.

Question 62

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for

A) freedom of religion.
B) economic liberalism.
C) the sanctity of marriage.
D) constitutional monarchy.
E) unfettered monarchy.

Question 63

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all of the following except

A) disband the Burschenshaften.
B) impose censorship on the German press.
C) placed most German universities under close government supervision.
D) dissolved several smaller German states.
E) placed restrictions upon university activities.

Question 64

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

A) sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
B) became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
C) sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
D) was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
E) championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.

Question 65

The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by

A) factory workers.
B) the industrial middle class.
C) radical aristocrats.
D) army officers.
E) the landed gentry.

Question 66

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became

A) the most liberal of the European powers.
B) rapidly industrialized.
C) an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.
D) increasingly influenced by ultra-conservative societies, such as the Northern Union.
E) a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.

Question 67

IDENTIFICATIONS
Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity

Question 68

The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was

A) Klemens von Metternich.
B) Prince Talleyrand.
C) Tsar Alexander I.
D) Napoleon.
E) Duke of Wellington.

Question 69

Which one of the following was the English political party in power until 1830, the party that represented tradition?

A) Tories.
B) Republicans.
C) Checkers.
D) Whigs.
E) Democrats.

Question 70

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the

A) increased liberal reforms of Frederick William III of Prussia between 1815 and 1840.
B) national affinity and unity felt by the many Austrian ethnic groups under Frederick II.
C) liberal constitutions of the states of the German Confederation.
D) Burschenschaften, the student societies of Germany.
E) the enlightened leadership of central European political elites.

Question 71

The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is

A) José de San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Guillermo Pelgrón.
D) Simón Carreño.
E) George Washington.

Question 72

The Congress of Vienna

A) gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
B) created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
C) failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.
D) treated France leniently following Napoleon's One Hundred Days.
E) sanctioned the political power of the bourgeoisie.

Question 73

David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that

A) wages would rise as competition eliminated inefficient producers.
B) wages would decline as productivity drove prices down.
C) wages would stay low as workers bred more children.
D) wages would rise as workers organized into unions.
E) wages were irrelevant; only commodities like pig iron mattered.

Question 74

By 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the Italian peninsula

A) was entirely unified as a single country.
B) remained divided into several states subject to the domination of other European powers.
C) had been devastated by the last campaigns of Napoleon.
D) had been completely annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E) sunk into complete anarchy and chaos.

Question 75

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

A) European economic collapse.
B) the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C) the sheer size of South America.
D) growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E) British naval power.

Question 76

The argument that population must be held in check for any progress to take place was popularized by

A) Adam Smith.
B) David Ricardo.
C) Joseph de Maistre.
D) Edmund Burke.
E) Thomas Malthus.

Question 77

Klemens von Metternich

A) supported much of the revolutionary ideology after Napoleon's defeat.
B) thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
C) had little influence because of his extreme conservatism.
D) was anti-religious and supported atheistic causes.
E) believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

Question 78

The author of Reflections on the Revolution in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism was

A) Viscount Castlereigh
B) William Pitt the Younger.
C) Horatio Nelson.
D) Edmund Burke.
E) Robert Owen.

Question 79

J.S.Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that

A) women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B) men and women did not possess different natures.
C) Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D) female convicts be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E) God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.

Question 80

France's representative at the Congress of Vienna was

A) Castlereigh.
B) Genet.
C) Rousseau.
D) Talleyrand.
E) Metternich.