Deck 17: Chemistry and Medicine

Question 1

Substances which are messengers in the body and are involved in temperature and blood pressure regulation, pain perception, and mood belong to a class known as

A) steroids.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) analgesics.
D) tetracyclines.

Answer 1

neurotransmitters.

Question 2

The chemical name for aspirin is

A) acetylsalicylic acid.
B) acetaminophen.
C) amphetamine.
D) acetic acid.

Answer 2

acetylsalicylic acid.

Question 3

Crack is a form of

A) cocaine.
B) codeine.
C) morphine.
D) heroin.

Answer 3

cocaine.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a substance expected to cause vivid illusions, fantasies, and hallucinations?

A) marijuana
B) LSD
C) cocaine
D) PCP

Question 5

Some birth control pills contain synthetic substances that have activity similar to which natural substance?

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) cortisone
D) thymidine

Question 6

Structurally, acetaminophen differs from aspirin in that acetaminophen does not contain

A) amide group.
B) carboxyl group.
C) aromatic ring.
D) an alcohol group.

Question 7

AZT fools the HIV virus by becoming part of the viral

A) cell wall.
B) DNA.
C) RNA.
D) protease.

Question 8

What is the name given to a drug that relieves pain?

A) analgesic
B) anti-inflammatory
C) antipyretic
D) antibiotic

Question 9

The extracts from these trees provided natural salicylates.

A) aspen
B) willow
C) oak
D) cherry

Question 10

Penicillins work by

A) by interfering with cell metabolism.
B) preventing ovulation.
C) shutting down production of folic acid.
D) inhibiting enzyme that forms cross-linking in bacteria cell wall synthesis.

Question 11

In all age groups, the leading cause of death at about 26% is

A) cerebrovascular diseases.
B) accidents.
C) heart disease.
D) cancer.

Question 12

Of the following, which is not a stimulant?

A) amphetamine
B) cocaine
C) methamphetamine
D) ethanol

Question 13

Which substance would be used to treat an extreme allergic reaction (an anaphylactic shock)?

A) L-dopa
B) antihistamine
C) serotonin
D) epinephrine

Question 14

Most oral contraceptives contain synthetic derivatives of which pair of substances?

A) an antihistamine and neurotransmitter
B) an androgen and an estrogen
C) an analgesic and a anti-inflammatory
D) an estrogen and progesterone

Question 15

In the age group 25-44 years old, the leading cause of death is

A) HIV infection.
B) accidents.
C) heart disease.
D) cancer.

Question 16

Aspirin interferes either directly or indirectly with

A) prostaglandins.
B) dopamine.
C) steroids.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 17

Which ingredient in an OTC cold medication would be used to shrink nasal tissues?

A) expectorant
B) antihistamine
C) antitussive
D) decongestant

Question 18

Which of the following is not a chemical used to treat an infectious disease caused by microorganisms?

A) L-dopa
B) cephalosporins
C) tetracyclines
D) penicillins

Question 19

In 2008, the largest number of prescriptions was written for

A) menopausal symptoms.
B) depression.
C) indigestion and acid reflux.
D) lowering blood cholesterol.

Question 20

Which of the following is not an analgesic?

A) heroin
B) serotonin
C) aspirin
D) ibuprofen

Question 21

The "fight or flight" hormone is

A) norepinephrine.
B) estrogen.
C) epinephrine.
D) testosterone.

Question 22

What is the purpose of hydrated alumina in toothpaste?

A) abrasive
B) detergent
C) disinfectant
D) filler

Question 23

Which of the compounds listed below is not an analgesic?

A) acetylsalicylic acid
B) Demerol
C) heroin
D) acetic acid

Question 24

What are scheduled drugs?

A) Drugs that are taken at scheduled times.
B) Drugs that are recognized as being abused and classified as dangerous.
C) Drugs which are designed by chemists to mimic heroin.
D) Drugs which are designed for a specific purpose.

Question 25

A Schedule 1 drug is one that

A) over the counter drug available to anyone.
B) has no medical use and is a controlled substance.
C) a prescription drug with two refills.
D) an unregulated nonmedical drug.

Question 26

Histamine is a neurotransmitter that causes

A) pain.
B) depression.
C) upset stomach.
D) allergic reaction.

Question 27

Which substance accounts for most of the symptoms of hay fever?

A) histamine
B) antitussive
C) acetylcholine
D) antihistamines

Question 28

What of the following is a calcium compound found in teeth?

A) apatite
B) calcite
C) gypsum
D) aragonite

Question 29

Which does not apply to codeine?

A) analgesic
B) opioid
C) scheduled drug with a potential for abuse
D) antibiotic

Question 30

Which drug description - example does not agree?

A) over-the-counter drug - Contac
B) prescription drug - Valium
C) generic name for a drug - Amoxicillin
D) drug trade name - 6-(p-hydroxy- $\alpha$ -aminophenylacetamido)penicillinic acid

Question 31

An antimetabolite drug for cancer is

A) nitroglycerin.
B) cyclophosphamide.
C) sulfanilamide.
D) methotrexate.

Question 32

Which of the following is the most lethal based on this oral rat LD₅₀ data?

A) caffeine, 200 mg / kg body weight
B) heroin, 150 mg / kg body weight
C) aspirin, 1750 mg / kg body weight
D) ethanol, 1000 mg / kg body weight

Question 33

A compound of what element is added to toothpaste to replace some of the hydroxide ions in apatite?

A) Mg
B) F
C) O
D) Cl

Question 34

Hypertension can be treated with

A) clot dissolving drugs.
B) vasodilators.
C) diuretics.
D) cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Question 35

Which of the following symptoms is experienced in angina?

A) withdrawal
B) hallucinations
C) chest pains on exertion
D) irregular heartbeat

Question 36

Which substance named below is not an alkaloid or alkaloid derivative?

A) aspirin
B) codeine
C) heroin.
D) morphine

Question 37

Beta-blockers are used for which of the following diseases or conditions?

A) heart disease
B) treatment of cancer
C) depression
D) drug addiction

Question 38

Which substance is used to reduce fever?

A) procaine
B) codeine
C) acetylsalicylic acid
D) morphine

Question 39

A good sun-screen suntan lotion must contain a chemical that will absorb a major portion of the energy in which region of the spectrum?

A) infrared
B) green
C) microwave
D) ultraviolet

Question 40

Which of the following is the female sex hormone?

A) progesterone
B) testosterone
C) cortisone
D) cholesterol

Question 41

Which of the following compounds is a legal stimulant?

A) aspirin
B) alcohol
C) cocaine
D) caffeine

Question 42

Which of the following is the most toxic based on these oral rat LD₅₀ values?

A) lead, 20 mg / kg body weight
B) aspirin, 1750 mg / kg body weight
C) ethanol, 1000 mg / kg body weight
D) nicotine, 2 mg / kg body weight

Question 43

Aspirin is effective as an

A) anti-inflammatory drug.
B) antipyretic drug,.
C) analgesic.
D) all of the above

Question 44

A sun-screen suntan lotion that has an SPF rating of 16. What does this mean in terms of sun exposure?

A) allows a person to have16 hours of sun exposure without burning
B) increases the skin's natural sunburn protection by a multiple of 4
C) increases the skin's natural sunburn protection by a multiple of 16
D) increases the skin's natural sunburn protection by a multiple of 2 $\times$ 16

Question 45

Which reaction type would probably not be useful in anticancer activity?

A) interfering with DNA replication
B) blocking nerve impulses
C) blocking cell wall synthesis
D) interfering with DNA synthesis

Question 46

Caffeine has an LD₅₀ oral rat of 200 mg/kg body weight. How many milligrams per rat would be needed to kill 50% of test population for rats with a body mass of 0.500 kg?

A) 10000 mg
B) 2000 mg
C) 100 mg
D) 4 mg

Question 47

The addition of sodium pyrophosphate to toothpaste is for the purpose of

A) removing tartar.
B) removing plaque.
C) detergent.
D) minimize cavities.

Question 48

Which opium derivative is the most addictive?

A) codeine
B) morphine
C) heroin
D) LSD

Question 49

Identify the analgesic among the choices listed.

A) cocaine
B) marijuana
C) LSD
D) alcohol

Question 50

Which of the following terms refers to the generally accepted common chemical name of a drug?

A) trade name
B) generic name
C) schedule name
D) specific name

Question 51

A new substance is synthesized in the laboratory. Among its properties is similarity to uracil. When tested in living organisms, this new substance gets involved in DNA synthesis. Which area of research would you expect this new chemical to show promise?

A) studying Reye's syndrome
B) studying how analgesics work
C) studying anticancer drugs
D) studying how antacids work

Question 52

How do protease inhibitors work?

A) prevent an enzyme from functioning
B) block protein synthesis
C) inhibit RNA synthesis
D) kill the cell

Question 53

Toxicity data are tabulated for rats, mice, rabbits and small lab animals. Why isn't there any human LD₅₀ data?

A) Humans require large doses that would be too expensive.
B) Humans are not as genetically uniform as lab animals.
C) Human subjects require too much attention.
D) It is unethical and illegal to do toxicity tests on humans.

Question 54

The two primary causes of heart disease are

A) alcoholism and smoking.
B) smoking and high sodium intake.
C) hypertension and atherosclerosis.
D) obesity and alcoholism.

Question 55

Which of the following is the neurotransmitter is involved in sleep regulation?

A) epinephrine
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 56

Currently which of the following is the leading cause of death in the United States?

A) HIV
B) homicide
C) accidents
D) heart disease

Question 57

HIV

A) stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
B) causes AIDS.
C) is a retrovirus.
D) all of the above

Question 58

Which compound found in over the counter cold medicine can be used to synthesize methamphetamines?

A) pseudoephedrine
B) guaifenesin
C) acetaminophen
D) dextromethorphan

Question 59

Which of the following is the neurotransmitter that the same effect as alcohol?

A) epinephrine
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 60

What does a virus use to translate its own RNA into double-stranded DNA?

A) polymerase
B) protease
C) reverse transcriptase
D) ribosome

Question 61

As the LD₅₀ of a substance increases, the associated toxicity will

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain the same.

Question 62

The following is a representation of the cross-linking reaction occurring in the cell walls of bacteria. Reactions such as this can be inhibited by

A) penicillins.
B) tetracyclines.
C) cephalosporins.
D) both a and c
E) all of the above

Question 63

Consider the following table showing classifications of drugs. Complete the following statements using these classifications.
Anabolic steroids would be classified as ___________________.

Question 64

LD₅₀ refers to the dosage that is lethal to one-half of the test animal population.

Question 65

Consider the following table showing classifications of drugs. Complete the following statements using these classifications.
Acetaminophen would be classified as ___________________.

Question 66

Erythema is a term describing skin reddening due to exposure to sunlight.

Question 67

The branch of medicine concerned with the effects, uses, and actions of drugs is called

A) homeopathic medicine.
B) pharmacy.
C) pharmacology.
D) chemotherapy.

Question 68

Analgesics include both OTC and prescription drugs.

Question 69

Plavix is the trade name for the generic name clopidogrel.

Question 70

Crack cocaine is formed from cocaine by an oxidation reduction reaction and the product is more addictive than the reactant.

Question 71

All cephalosporins and penicillins have the general structure given below.

Question 72

The number of deaths due to infectious diseases has been reduced drastically from 1900 to the present due to the widespread use of antibiotics.

Question 73

Consider the following table showing classifications of drugs. Complete the following statements using these classifications.
Penicillin G would be classified as ___________________.

Question 74

The following compound would be classified as a steroid hormone.

Question 75

Consider the following table showing classifications of drugs. Complete the following statements using these classifications.
Caffeine would be classified as ___________________.

Question 76

What is the most common cause of heart disease?

A) atherosclerosis
B) blood vessel constriction
C) high blood pressure
D) lack of oxygen

Question 77

Codeine, heroin, morphine are all naturally occurring alkaloids.

Question 78

A noreprinephrine excess may be involved in the biochemistry of mental depression.

Question 79

The reaction that causes aspirin to breakdown into acetic acid and salicylic acid is caused by the presence of moisture.

Question 80

Consider the image below. Different cephalosporins differ in the identity of R₁, R₂, and R₃.