Question 1

Why might people smoke cigarettes even though it can lead to long term negative outcomes such as lung cancer?&#10;A)there is immediate reinforcement for smoking&#10;B)smoking takes little response effort&#10;C)the response effort is greater for other behaviors that produce the same outcome&#10;D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Smoking provides immediate reinforcement through the release of dopamine and other chemicals in the brain, which can make it difficult for individuals to quit even though they are aware of the negative long-term outcomes. Smoking also takes little response effort, such as finding a lighter or ashtray, compared to other behaviors that produce the same outcome (i.e. stress relief). All of these factors can contribute to continued smoking behavior despite knowledge of the potential negative consequences.

Question 2

The following is a type of self-management strategy.&#10;A)goal-setting and self-monitoring&#10;B)antecedent manipulations&#10;C)behavioral contracting&#10;D)all of these

Accepted Answer

All three options are self-management strategies. Goal-setting and self-monitoring involve setting specific goals and tracking progress towards those goals. Antecedent manipulations involve manipulating the environment to increase the likelihood of desired behaviors and decrease the likelihood of undesired behaviors. Behavioral contracting involves making an agreement with oneself or others to engage in specific behaviors and rewarding oneself for meeting those expectations. Therefore, the best choice is D, all of these.

Question 3

When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.&#10;A)applied behavior analysis&#10;B)self-behavior modification&#10;C)self-management&#10;D)self-directed behavior modification

Accepted Answer

Self-management is the process of using behavior modification techniques to change one's own behavior. A and D are not commonly used terms for this process. B is not as widely used as self-management.

Question 4

In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.&#10;A)controlled;controlling&#10;B)controlling;controlled&#10;C)independent;dependent&#10;D)dependent;independent

Accepted Answer

In self-management, a person engages in a controlling behavior to influence the future occurrence of a controlled behavior. This means that the person takes control of their own behavior in order to ensure that it occurs as desired in the future. Therefore, option B, where the controlling behavior is the initial action, and the controlled behavior is the expected outcome, is the most appropriate choice.

Question 5

_______________ occurs when significant others in a person's life help the person succeed in a self-management program&#10;A)reinforcement&#10;B)prompting and fading&#10;C)social support&#10;D)behavioral contracting

Accepted Answer

Social support occurs when significant others in a person's life, such as friends or family, provide assistance and encouragement to help the person succeed in a self-management program. This can include emotional support, practical assistance, or even participation in the program itself. Social support has been shown to be an important factor in maintaining behavior change over time.

Question 6

What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?&#10;A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur&#10;B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered&#10;C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.&#10;D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Short circuiting the contingencies in a self-management plan means not following through with the planned consequences (both reinforcements and punishments) for behaviors. This includes providing reinforcers when the target behavior does not occur, failing to provide a punisher when it should be delivered, and generally not implementing the contingencies as planned.

Question 7

Why might people fail to exercise even though it is good for them in the long run?&#10;A)exercise might be punished with sore muscles&#10;B)high response effort is involved in exercise&#10;C)competing behaviors that are reinforced immediately interfere with exercise&#10;D)all of these

Accepted Answer

All of these can be reasons why people fail to exercise. Sore muscles can be seen as punishment for exercising, leading people to avoid it in the future. High response effort, or the amount of physical and mental energy required to engage in exercise, can make it feel like a daunting task. Lastly, competing behaviors that provide immediate reinforcement, such as watching TV or scrolling through social media, can make exercise seem less appealing in the moment.

Deck 20: Self-Management