Deck 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Five-year-old Billy is working on the "3 Mountain Problem." When he is asked to point to the picture that shows what the doll can see,he will most likely

A) choose the correct picture and explain why he chose it.
B) choose the one that shows what he is looking at.
C) choose the correct picture but not be able to explain why.
D) know the correct one is different from his but not know which one to pick.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The delight infants display in playing "peek-a-boo" is due to their lack of

A) relationship.
B) reasoning.
C) object permanence.
D) motor skills.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities is referred to as

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) centration.
D) animism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Socialized speech differs from egocentric speech in that

A) it is more verbose.
B) it takes others' perspectives into account.
C) it occurs in adulthood.
D) it occurs in the sensorimotor stage.

Question 5

When 3-year-old Katie says her tricycle is sad because it is in the garage all alone,she is demonstrating

A) object permanence.
B) propositional thought.
C) animistic thinking.
D) centration.

Question 6

According to Piaget,egocentrism is

A) conceit.
B) total self-absorption.
C) careless of others' feelings.
D) believing others see the world the same way you do.

Question 7

Children show a readiness to shift to preoperational thinking when they understand

A) object permanence.
B) secondary schemas.
C) A not B error.
D) deferred imitation.

Question 8

____________ representation is viewing an object as both an object and a symbol.

A) Total
B) Visual
C) Pictorial
D) Symbolic

Question 9

In which stage of Piaget's theory is an understanding of object permanence obtained?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete
D) Formal Operational

Question 10

If a preschool-aged child is looking at colored shapes,she or he will focus on

A) both the shape and the color.
B) neither the shape nor the color.
C) alternating between the two.
D) either the shape or the color.

Question 11

Four-year-olds cannot solve the conservation of liquid problem because

A) they don't understand the question.
B) they want to drink the liquid.
C) they don't notice the difference in the water levels.
D) they can only focus on the height of the water and not the width of the container.

Question 12

According to Piaget,children move from egocentric speech to socialized speech at the end of the _______ stage.

A) Operational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Formal Operational
D) Preoperational

Question 13

Egocentric speech occurs when

A) kids vocalize inner speech.
B) children talk about themselves only.
C) the child becomes narcissistic.
D) altruism is present.

Question 14

Piaget's preoperational stage of thinking occurs from the ages of

A) 0 to 3 years.
B) 3 to 7 years.
C) 7 to 12 years.
D) adolescence through adulthood.

Question 15

According to Piaget,"preoperational" thinking is so named because it is

A) pre-abstraction.
B) pre-logical.
C) pre-schema.
D) preschool.

Question 16

Five-year-old Amy was asked to group four pictures that had similar attributes.She did so based on shape.She was then asked to regroup the objects,which she found

A) decenter.
B) reorganize the objects.
C) ask for help.
D) give up.

Question 17

Young children's thinking is preoperational because they are not mentally capable of

A) logical thinking. .
B) analogical problem solving.
C) animistic thinking.
D) make-believe play.

Question 18

Preoperational thinking involves

A) logic and reason.
B) the primary senses and motor skills.
C) judging by appearances.
D) adult-like reasoning.

Question 19

Egotistical refers to the belief that others experience the world the same way you do.

Question 20

Conservation,according to Piaget,is

A) learning to respect nature.
B) using resources over again.
C) understanding physical characteristics can remain the same even when appearance changes.
D) when children construct knowledge on their own.

Question 21

Six-year-old Steven gained an understanding of conservation of number before conservation of liquid.The staggered construction of understanding is referred to as

A) horizontal decalage.
B) class inclusion.
C) scaffolding.
D) deconstruction.

Question 22

What does Piaget's theory mean for educational settings?

A) Children learn through engaged activity.
B) Children need multiple opportunities to explore objects and their properties.
C) Children's reasoning grows through questions.
D) All of these

Question 23

Identify a concern critics have found with Piaget's research.

A) Critics questioned if children go through stages in their thinking.
B) Piaget believed children learned in isolation.
C) Critics believed that children could understand conservation sooner than suggested by Piaget.
D) All of these.

Question 24

According to Vygotsky,children first learn at a social level.

Question 25

Piaget believed that children go through invariant stages of cognitive development,Vygotsky emphasized that children

A) are all different.
B) learn through the co-construction of knowledge.
C) can vary throughout the stages.
D) do not need adults' help to learn.

Question 26

What is the goal of scaffolding?

A) to provide structural support for a house
B) to gradually decrease the level of assistance until the child can succeed independently
C) to eliminate social support
D) to ensure dependence of a child on the adults around him or her

Question 27

Children understand all aspects of conservation at the same time.

Question 28

_____ speech is internal speech used to guide behavior.

A) Outer
B) Social
C) Egocentric
D) Inner

Question 29

During a ________________ task,4-year-old David is asked if there are more apples or fruits in a group of two oranges,three bananas,and five apples.He will most likely answer that there are more __________________.

A) class inclusion; fruits.
B) three mountain; apples.
C) conservation of number; fruits.
D) class inclusion; apples.

Question 30

The encoding of information occurs in your working memory.

Question 31

One of the differences between Piaget and Vygotsky is that Vygotsky said that

A) private speech is egocentric.
B) children are prewired for knowledge.
C) language is the foundation for all higher cognition.
D) children learn through self-discovery.

Question 32

Research suggests that children

A) will need guidance to understand conservation.
B) will spontaneously understand at age 10.
C) cannot spontaneously grasp conservation before age 5.
D) can understand at age 2 with direct instruction.

Question 33

Four-year-old Maggie uses short,simple sentences when talking to her baby sister.This shows that Piaget may have __________ the preschooler's ___________________.

A) overestimated; animistic thinking.
B) underestimated; egocentrism. .
C) overestimated; egocentrism. .
D) underestimated; animistic thinking.

Question 34

Danny realizes that the change in height of the liquid during a conservation of liquid task is compensated for by the change of the width of the glass.This demonstrates

A) decentration.
B) seriation.
C) class inclusion.
D) reversibility.

Question 35

Vygotsky theorized that self-talk results from

A) inner speech.
B) reflection.
C) introspection.
D) social speech.

Question 36

Piaget's famous ______________ problem demonstrates the

A) three mountain; classification.
B) class inclusion; classification.
C) three mountain; dual representation.
D) class inclusion; dual representation.

Question 37

Preoperational children cannot conserve because of

A) their egocentric thinking.
B) they focus on only one aspect of the problem.
C) they can't categorize.
D) animistic thinking.

Question 38

Children who utilize inner speech are more attentive and perform better than children who do not.

Question 39

_____ refers to the guidance of a child by one who is more skilled and who can adjust the level of guidance based on performance.

A) Horizontal decalage
B) Teaching
C) Scaffolding
D) Guidance

Question 40

Only being able to focus on one aspect of an object at a time is known as

A) centration.
B) egocentrism.
C) operations.
D) conservation.

Question 41

One of the main functions of the executive functions is for

A) self-regulation.
B) disinhibition.
C) spatial skills and coordination.
D) memory.

Question 42

Professor Smith sees his familiar students in class but can't think of their names.He has trouble with

A) storage.
B) retrieval.
C) encoding.
D) neural connections.

Question 43

Information processing's main emphasis is on

A) biology.
B) encoding of information.
C) speed of processing.
D) scaffolding.

Question 44

Working memory can be measured with

A) conservation.
B) flow charts.
C) memory span tasks.
D) cognitive strategies.

Question 45

Hank has learned how to bake cookies after helping his Mom several times.He has learned this through

A) guided participation.
B) cooperative learning.
C) scaffolding.
D) the Zone of Proximal Development.

Question 46

A "cold" executive function involves self-monitoring during

A) cognitive tasks.
B) novel tasks.
C) language tasks.
D) emotional tasks.

Question 47

Vygotsky believed that learning

A) is domain specific.
B) occurs in the Zone of Proximal Development.
C) is thwarted by adult intervention.
D) occurs in stages.

Question 48

Information processing theorists compare the brain to a

A) camera.
B) road map.
C) computer.
D) file cabinet.

Question 49

The sensory register

A) interprets information from the senses.
B) holds information in memory briefly.
C) is a localized part of the brain.
D) reconstructs memories.

Question 50

Working memory is part of ________ memory.

A) long-term
B) short-term
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 51

By the end of __________,children can shift and focus attention smoothly.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 52

The term executive function refers to

A) the ability to do mathematical computations.
B) higher-order thinking, planning and working memory.
C) abstract language abilities.
D) emotions associated with cognitions.

Question 53

A "hot" executive function involves self-monitoring during

A) cognitive tasks.
B) novel tasks.
C) language tasks.
D) emotional tasks.

Question 54

One way to test children's focused attention ability is by

A) IQ tests.
B) achievement tests.
C) continuous performance tests.
D) recording classroom behavior.

Question 55

Mary wants to say a bad word,but instead she doesn't say anything.This is called:

A) smart.
B) ADHD.
C) delay of gratification.
D) response inhibition.

Question 56

A test used to measure a child's ability to manipulate and update information is the

A) self-ordered pointing task.
B) word-span test.
C) flow chart.
D) dimensional card sort

Question 57

Much of the growth that occurs in the executive function occurs in what area of the brain?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 58

Which of the following is within a child's Zone of Proximal Development?

A) a homework assignment
B) a task performed through trial and error
C) a task a child has recently mastered with adult help
D) a task the child cannot do alone but can do with adult help.

Question 59

In teaching a child to ride a bike,a parent will leave the training wheels on.Once bicycling is mastered,the parent will remove the wheels but still hold on to the seat of the bike to ensure the child's stability.Finally,the adult will let go once the child can ride on his own.This is an example of

A) the Zone of Proximal Development.
B) scaffolding.
C) cooperative learning.
D) guided participation.

Question 60

Vygotsky said that a child's cognitive development is driven by

A) biology.
B) experience.
C) Baby Einstein programs.
D) social dialogues with others.

Question 61

Inspired by Vygotsky's research,Tools for the Mind teaches children

A) fine motor skills.
B) gross motor skills.
C) executive function skills.
D) none of these.

Question 62

Neo-Piagetian theory

A) expounds upon Piaget's theory and incorporates aspects of information processing theory.
B) disproves Piaget and expounds upon Vygotsky's research.
C) combines Vygotsky's and Piaget's theories .
D) none of these

Question 63

What hypothesis suggests how children move past overregularization?

A) the Blocking Hypothesis
B) the Competition Hypothesis
C) A and B
D) none of the above

Question 64

Chomsky believed that

A) grammar is part of cognitive development.
B) grammar must be taught.
C) children have an innate system that contains universal grammar.
D) children learn best in the classroom.

Question 65

A child who asks a question but does not wait for an answer before continuing with the conversation demonstrates a lack of understanding of

A) semantics.
B) syntax.
C) pragmatics.
D) societal expectations.

Question 66

Identify the strengths) of information processing theory.

A) aids in understanding how children learn
B) breaks down cognitive tasks
C) considers cognitive differences between older and younger children
D) all of these

Question 67

"Fast-mapping" refers to

A) the ability to draw a map after being given verbal directions.
B) understanding a new word rapidly by forming a quick and reasonable guess about what the word means. .
C) being able to learn a new language as a preschooler.
D) listening to several conversations at once with understanding.

Question 68

Pragmatics is

A) the study of language.
B) grammar usage.
C) the social rules of language.
D) using parts of speech correctly.

Question 69

Information processing theory neglects to consider

A) creativity.
B) motivation.
C) A and B
D) none of these.

Question 70

At age 2,children have a vocabulary of about ____________ words.

A) 0 to 100
B) 50 to 100
C) 75 to 200
D) 150 to 300

Question 71

The marshmallow test was used to demonstrate

A) delay of gratification.
B) childhood obesity.
C) egocentrism.
D) working memory.

Question 72

When children apply general language rules when they should not,it is an example of

A) why children are so amusing.
B) underregularization.
C) overregularization.
D) overgeneralization.

Question 73

Words are

A) objects.
B) ideas.
C) actions.
D) symbols.

Question 74

If someone said "See the car black," you would know they have a problem with

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) vocabulary.

Question 75

Which test is most often used to assess a child's ability to shift sets?

A) word-span sort
B) self-ordered pointing task
C) dimensional card sort
D) flow charts

Question 76

____ refers to the meaning of sentences or phrases within sentences.

A) Syntax
B) Semantics
C) Pragmatics
D) Definition

Question 77

Information processing theory assumes that cognitive development is linear and logical.

Question 78

Noam Chomsky proposed that children learn language through

A) mimicry.
B) behaviorism.
C) the language acquisition device.
D) brain maturation.

Question 79

Children have a huge vocabulary spurt between ages _____,adding about 13,500 words to their vocabulary.

A) 1 and 3
B) 2 and 6
C) 5 and 8
D) 6 and 9

Question 80

Methods of using information processing theory in a preschool classroom include:

A) limiting distractions
B) reducing the load on working memory
C) strengthening self-regulation
D) all of these