Deck 10: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

"Hot" executive functions

A) control self-regulation during cognitive tasks.
B) are the emotional "know" system.
C) regulate temper.
D) promote self-regulation during reaction to events and feelings.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Kelsey is upset when her friends don't let her play with them.She goes to the swing and plays alone.She is showing

A) antisocial behavior.
B) effortful control.
C) altruism.
D) empathy.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Self-representations are

A) how children describe themselves to others.
B) judgments made about personal worth.
C) how a person views the self in terms of traits, values, and personality.
D) not present until puberty.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bill,5,and his sister Toni,4,are arguing over a favorite chair.A good parent will

A) ignore them.
B) settle it for them by taking turns for 10 minutes each.
C) show them how to reason and negotiate with each other.
D) let them work it out and only get involved if one is injured.

Question 5

3-year-old Bobby puts his fingers in his ears when he hears loud sounds.He is demonstrating

A) scaffolding.
B) empathy.
C) emotional regulation.
D) a hearing problem.

Question 6

Ideally,parents want children to learn

A) intrinsic emotional regulation.
B) extrinsic emotional regulation.
C) how to modulate tantrum behavior.
D) how to obey when adults are present.

Question 7

Children who are adept at emotional regulation are

A) socially competent.
B) overly rule bound.
C) disliked by peers.
D) antisocial.

Question 8

Bob did something wrong and feels guilty but does not feel ashamed of who he is.This suggests

A) insecure attachment.
B) poor self-regulation.
C) no conscience.
D) good parenting and good adjustment.

Question 9

Children who misinterpret the expressions of others

A) tend to have poor peer relationships.
B) may get teased.
C) may become bullies.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Erik Erikson described the early childhood stage of psychosocial development as

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 11

Self-esteem is

A) how children describe themselves.
B) judgment made about personal worth.
C) how a person views the self in terms of traits, values, and personality.
D) not present until puberty.

Question 12

Effortful control is

A) parents making children obey.
B) an older sibling's role in regards to a younger sibling.
C) restraining an impulse.
D) first seen in toddlers.

Question 13

Emotional Regulation is

A) an educational program offered in preschool.
B) the ability to read others' facial expressions.
C) the ability to modulate emotional arousal to accomplish goals.
D) not found in adolescents.

Question 14

A CASA volunteer is appointed by a judge to

A) inspect the home of suspected abusers.
B) be an advocate for a child in need.
C) work in juvenile detention.
D) train parents in child development.

Question 15

Three-year-old Susie only knows if she is mad or sad.She does not recognize other emotions.This is

A) cause for alarm and she should be evaluated.
B) developmental delay.
C) culturally based.
D) perfectly normal for her age.

Question 16

Self-concept is

A) how much value one puts on personal traits.
B) a factor that leads to conceit.
C) how a person views the self in terms of traits, values and personality.
D) given to an individual from others.

Question 17

"Cold" executive functions

A) control self-regulation during cognitive tasks.
B) are the emotional "go" system.
C) regulate temper.
D) promote self-regulation during reaction to events and feelings.

Question 18

A child's self-esteem is most likely the highest at about ages

A) 1-2.
B) 3-4.
C) 5-6.
D) 7-8.

Question 19

If 4-year-old Stevie was asked to describe himself,he would most likely say:

A) I am not good at baseball because Sam is better.
B) I can climb higher than I did last year.
C) I am empathetic.
D) I have blue eyes and I can run fast.

Question 20

Children begin to compare themselves with others at about age

A) 1-2 .
B) 3-4 .
C) 5-7.
D) 8-10.

Question 21

Self-representation is dependent on brain maturation:

Question 22

The most important parts of the developing brain in self-representation are the

A) frontal and temporal lobes.
B) cerebellum and reticular formation.
C) cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe.
D) temporal and parietal lobes.

Question 23

Gender stability is

A) knowing that sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) knowing that gender does not change with age.
C) being able to identify self as male or female.
D) knowing how males and females should act.

Question 24

The distinctions between sex and gender differences are:

A) biology versus societal.
B) societal versus biology.
C) male versus female.
D) There are no distinctions.

Question 25

A gender stereotype is defined as

A) knowing that sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) knowing that gender does not change with age.
C) being able to identify self as male or female.
D) the rigid determination of appropriate dress and action based on sex.

Question 26

Jerry is aggressive,anxious,and depressed as a 12-year-old.When he was in early childhood,he

A) did not learn intrinsic emotional regulation.
B) did not learn extrinsic emotional regulation.
C) was an easy child.
D) was the oldest.

Question 27

Research has found correlations between

A) IQ and temperament.
B) self-regulation and obesity.
C) emotional reactiveness and height.
D) temperament and health.

Question 28

Gender constancy is

A) knowing that sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) knowing that gender does not change with age.
C) being able to identify self as male or female.
D) knowing how males and females should act.

Question 29

If Betsye's mother has rigid stereotypes and Betsye wants to play the trumpet in the band,her mother will say:

A) Sure! That is a cool instrument.
B) No! Only boys play the trumpet.
C) You can play the drums or guitar instead.
D) She really doesn't care what Betsye does.

Question 30

When 3-year-old Laurie describes herself,she might say:

A) I am funny.
B) I am good.
C) I have a kitty.
D) I am shy.

Question 31

Four-year-old Kersten might say this when asked to describe herself:

A) I am smart.
B) I am helpful.
C) I hate spiders.
D) I am better than Laurie.

Question 32

If Sam,age 3,wears pink and likes to play dress up,it most likely means he

A) will be homosexual at puberty.
B) has effeminate tendencies.
C) is a normal preschooler.
D) is rebellious.

Question 33

Research on self-esteem suggests that preschoolers

A) give up easily.
B) overestimate task difficulty.
C) have high self-esteem.
D) have a realistic self-esteem.

Question 34

Which part of the brain is most active in tasks involving self-representation?

A) left hemisphere
B) right hemisphere
C) cerebellum
D) frontal lobe

Question 35

Kevin puts on a long-haired wig and a tutu during playtime.Three-year-old Billy thinks

A) he looks silly.
B) Kevin is a girl.
C) Kevin is a boy.
D) he had a sex change operation.

Question 36

If Cindy says "I am helpful but I am shy," she is most likely

A) 1-2 years old.
B) in preschool. .
C) about 5 years old.
D) in high school. .

Question 37

Gender identity is

A) knowing that sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) knowing that gender does not change with age.
C) being able to identify self as male or female.
D) knowing how males and females should act.

Question 38

A preschooler's self-concept usually consists of

A) skills.
B) talents.
C) personality.
D) observable traits.

Question 39

Gender schema refers to

A) cultural differences in males and females.
B) biological differences in males and females.
C) the mental categories children develop to tell the difference in males and females.
D) the knowledge that gender does not change.

Question 40

Three-year-old Barb says: "I have three chickens.I have blonde hair.I made a tower." Barb is developing

A) self-concept.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-regulation.
D) gender typing.

Question 41

Mom takes David shopping to the toy store.David refuses to walk down the "pink,Barbie" aisle.David has

A) a phobia.
B) a behavior problem.
C) a gender stereotype.
D) gender issues.

Question 42

According to the biological theory,the differences in boys and girls are due to

A) environment and parenting.
B) toilet training and modeling.
C) hormones and brain wiring.
D) actual sex organ placement.

Question 43

Successful resolution of this stage according to the psychoanalytic theory occurs when

A) the child identifies with the same-sex parent.
B) a divorce occurs.
C) the child begins sleeping in his or her own bed
D) puberty arrives.

Question 44

The psychoanalytic theory of gender development

A) says children are obsessed with sex.
B) looks at the role of the phallic stage in both boys and girls.
C) has been disproved.
D) is based on the work of Carl Jung.

Question 45

Babies Jack and Jill are growing up together.Jack watches Jill as she rolls on the floor.This is known as

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) nonsocial activity.
D) associative play.

Question 46

Symbolic play is when children

A) exchange toys..
B) work toward a common goal.
C) enact social roles..
D) use an object as a substitute for another.

Question 47

Lauren and Shelby are 4-year-old best friends.They probably

A) have similar attitudes.
B) have mutual trust.
C) count on each other for emotional support.
D) have fun together.

Question 48

Research on TV programming shows

A) no differences in male and female characters.
B) more female than male characters.
C) males less clothed than females.
D) males exhibiting more leadership, opinions, and ingenuity.

Question 49

Most children report having a "best friend" by age

A) 3.
B) 5.
C) 7.
D) 9.

Question 50

The Oedipus complex is when

A) boys fall in love with Daddy and hate Mommy.
B) boys fall in love with Mommy and hate Daddy.
C) girls fall in love with Mommy and hate Daddy.
D) girls fall in love with Daddy and hate Mommy.

Question 51

The Electra Complex is when

A) boys fall in love with Daddy and hate Mommy.
B) boys fall in love with Mommy and hate Daddy.
C) girls fall in love with Mommy and hate Daddy.
D) girls fall in love with Daddy and hate Mommy.

Question 52

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is

A) the presence of two sets of genitalia at birth.
B) overactive adrenal glands.
C) increased androgen in female fetuses.
D) increased estrogen in female fetuses.

Question 53

Social Learning Theory stresses the importance of

A) brain readiness.
B) parenting skills.
C) observation and modeling.
D) schooling.

Question 54

The Cognitive Developmental Theory views gender development as

A) seeing patterns associated with gender and developing categories of appropriate behavior based on gender.
B) changing their thinking based on direct instruction.
C) changing as they grow.
D) improving with education.

Question 55

The major theories of gender-role development are

A) environmental, biological, ecological, psychosocial.
B) biological, psychoanalytic, cognitive, social learning.
C) biological, ecological, psychosocial, social learning.
D) psychoanalytic, evolutionary, biological, social leaning.

Question 56

Experts see play as

A) something children do.
B) vital for healthy development.
C) unnecessary when compared to academic training.
D) an activity that makes children harder to discipline.

Question 57

Elaine and Diane are playing house.Elaine is pretending to be the mom and Diane is pretending to be the Dad.Dolls are the children.This is known as ______play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 58

Abbot and Costello are 2-month-old twins playing near each other with similar toys.They do not direct the other's activities.This is known as _______play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 59

While in the sandbox,Benjamin makes a pie while David pours sand into a container.They talk and exchange tools.This is known as______ play:

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 60

Sociodramatic play is when children

A) exchange toys.
B) work toward a common goal.
C) enact social roles.
D) use an object as a substitute for another.

Question 61

Theory of Mind refers to

A) our assumptions that children think.
B) the theories of noted researchers on child development.
C) a child's understanding of the mental states of themselves and others .
D) part of psychoanalytic theory.

Question 62

Hansel is a student of the day,and Gretel is jealous so she calls Hansel "witch food." This is _______________Aggression.

A) Hostile
B) Instrumental
C) Relational
D) Passive

Question 63

Sympathy and empathy are

A) the same thing.
B) opposites.
C) sympathy is a form of empathy.
D) empathy is a form of sympathy.

Question 64

Instrumental Aggression is action:

A) that harms another by damaging a relationship.
B) that harms another by injury or threats.
C) with intent to harm.
D) intended to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

Question 65

Five-year-old Mason knows his brother is still a boy when he dresses as a girl for fun.Mason has

A) a secure brother.
B) gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender orientation.

Question 66

Children who have students with disabilities in their classroom

A) are less tolerant of handicaps.
B) are more accepting of students with disabilities.
C) show no difference than those without.
D) are less understanding.

Question 67

IDEA is legislation for

A) all children.
B) disabled children.
C) children K-12.
D) teacher's aides.

Question 68

Japanese parents send their children to preschool to learn ______ and American parents want them to learn_________.

A) academics; empathy
B) empathy; academics
C) sympathy; empathy
D) math; science

Question 69

Hostile Aggression is action

A) that harms another by damaging a relationship.
B) that harms another by injury or threats.
C) with intent to harm.
D) intended to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

Question 70

Children with disabilities

A) have to pay for services.
B) are entitled to a free and appropriate education.
C) have to be put into special education.
D) are not educated with "normal" students.

Question 71

Albert Bandura's experiment with the bobo doll showed

A) no results.
B) that children learn through observation and modeling.
C) that children have to be reinforced to imitate.
D) that if children are punished they will increase imitation.

Question 72

In order to sit next to Grandma at Thanksgiving,Jason pushes his sister Abby out of the chair.This is an example of ________Aggression.

A) Hostile
B) Instrumental
C) Relational
D) Passive

Question 73

One of the biggest differences in the categories of peer acceptance is

A) how many kids are in the class.
B) if the kids have been together since Kindergarten.
C) how wealthy they are.
D) how they try and enter a group.

Question 74

Overt Aggression is action

A) harms another by damaging a relationship.
B) harms another by injury or threats.
C) with intent to harm.
D) intended to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

Question 75

Carolyn works in the church nursery.She has noticed that when one baby starts to cry,the others do so as well.This is known as

A) baby empathy.
B) baby telepathy.
C) the contagion effect.
D) seriously distressing.

Question 76

Empathy can be seen in the brain with neuroimaging.

Question 77

Research on violent television indicates that it

A) increases hostile behaviors in children.
B) has no impact on behavior.
C) does not cause problems.
D) helps distinguish fantasy and reality.

Question 78

Millie sees a dump truck in the sandbox and wonders if she likes trucks.She decides she will play with it.Millie is not

A) gender stereotyped.
B) gender identified.
C) gender schematic.
D) gender salient.

Question 79

Relational Aggression is action

A) that harms another by damaging a relationship.
B) that harms another by injury or threats.
C) with intent to harm.
D) intended to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

Question 80

Peer acceptance can be put in these three categories:

A) popular, bullies, cheerleaders
B) popular, accepted, ignored
C) popular, rejected, neglected
D) popular, accepted, rejected