Deck 3: The Biological Basis of Life Connections

Question 1

Gametes

A) are basic units of the DNA molecule composed of sugar
B) are also called zygotes
C) transmit genetic information from parent to offspring
D) can make copies of itself
E) are important structural components of the body

Answer 1

transmit genetic information from parent to offspring

Question 2

Chimpanzees and gorillas

A) lack chromosomes
B) have the same number of chromosomes as humans
C) have 48 chromosomes
D) have 46 chromosomes
E) have 42 chromosomes

Answer 2

have 48 chromosomes

Question 3

The cell nucleus

A) is the same thing as the cytoplasm
B) is not distinct from the cytoplasm
C) contains only X and Y chromosomes
D) is made up of ribosomes
E) contains genetic information

Answer 3

contains genetic information

Question 4

DNA

A) is single-stranded
B) is composed of nitrogenous bases, sugars and gametes
C) is composed of nucleotides
D) contains the base uracil
E) contains six different nitrogenous bases

Question 5

The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base?

A) Guanine
B) Thymine
C) Cytosine
D) Uracil
E) Mitochondria

Question 6

Cells

A) are the basic units of life
B) usually do not have DNA
C) only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm
D) are only inherited from one parent
E) originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago

Question 7

The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted area called the

A) autosome
B) ribosome
C) centromere
D) nucleotide
E) cytoplasm

Question 8

Enzymes

A) are specialized proteins
B) are major constituents of body tissues
C) cannot break the bonds between bases throughout the DNA molecule
D) are not responsible for separating two previously joined strands of nucleotides
E) do not direct chemical reactions in the body

Question 9

The two basic types of cells are somatic cells and

A) zygotes
B) gametes
C) autosomes
D) polar bodies
E) organelles

Question 10

A nucleotide

A) is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate unit
B) is the same thing as an RNA molecule
C) codes for the production of an amino acid
D) can include the nitrogenous base uracil
E) is not a basic unit of the DNA molecule

Question 11

Chromosomes are

A) made up of DNA and proteins
B) visible during all stages of cell division
C) composed of two strands during early stages of cell division
D) indiscrete structures
E) occur singularly

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Proteins are composed of amino acids.
B) The first step in protein synthesis is translation.
C) The number and sequence of amino acids determines protein function.
D) Proteins are manufactured by the ribosomes.
E) The sequence of amino acids in a protein is ultimately determined by the sequence of DNA bases.

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning RNA is false?

A) It contains the base uracil instead of thymine.
B) It is single-stranded.
C) It contains the same sugar as found in DNA.
D) It is able to pass through the nuclear membrane.
E) It is involved in the synthesis of proteins.

Question 14

What is the complete sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein or portion of protein, or any functional product?

A) helix
B) codon
C) polypeptide
D) amino acid
E) gene

Question 15

Which of the following nitrogenous bases in not found in DNA?

A) Uracil
B) Guanine
C) Thymine
D) Adenine
E) Cytosine

Question 16

In protein synthesis, the process called transcription is which of the following?

A) manufacture of tRNA
B) assembly of polypeptide chains
C) formation of a mRNA molecule
D) production of amino acids
E) manufacture of ribosomal RNA

Question 17

A zygote

A) is formed by the union of two somatic cells
B) has only half the full complement of genetic material
C) is part of a nucleotide
D) undergoes meiosis
E) has the potential to develop into a new individual

Question 18

What is the component of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport?

A) valine
B) hemoglobin
C) proline
D) the cell membrane
E) the ribosomes

Question 19

Ribosomes are

A) the sex chromosomes
B) gametes
C) found only in prokaryotes
D) only present when the cell divides
E) important to protein synthesis

Question 20

What is the name for DNA segments transcribed into mRNA and coded for specific amino acids?

A) exons
B) codons
C) mutons
D) alleles
E) proteins

Question 21

How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell?

A) 24
B) 23
C) 26
D) 25
E) 22

Question 22

Transfer RNA forms a copy of the DNA molecule during translation.

Question 23

The discovery of the structure of DNA dates back to the late 1700s.

Question 24

A eukaryotic cell is composed of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins but lacks nucleic acids.

Question 25

Meiosis

A) is the cell division process in somatic cells
B) replaces cells during growth and development
C) permits healing of injured tissue
D) is the cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes
E) involves two divisions and results in six daughter cells.

Question 26

Mitochondrial DNA has the same molecular structure and function as nuclear DNA found in the nucleus.

Question 27

How many chromosomes occur in a normal human somatic cell?

A) 44
B) 48
C) 46
D) 53
E) 50

Question 28

Which of the following is incorrect. Trisomy 21

A) is only one of several examples of an abnormal number of autosomes that is compatible with life beyond the first five years
B) is caused by nondisjunction
C) is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21
D) occurs in 1 out of 10,000 births
E) is associated with paralysis of limbs

Question 29

Which of the following statements is false regarding the process of meiosis?

A) Meiosis produces gametes.
B) Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the original amount of DNA found in the original cell.
C) There are two cell divisions.
D) Meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell.
E) Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information.

Question 30

A triplet is a series of three DNA bases.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
B) Nondisjunction occurs when strands of the same chromosome fail to separate.
C) Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell with an extra chromosome.
D) Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell completely lacking a chromosome.
E) Nondisjunction occurs only in mitosis.

Question 32

After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to?

A) protein synthesis
B) recombination
C) pairing of homologous chromosomes
D) meiosis
E) DNA replication

Question 33

The Y chromosome

A) is found in both sexes; males have two, and females have one
B) influences numerous characteristics in addition to sex determination
C) can be inherited from either parent
D) carries a gene that causes a fetus to develop as male
E) causes a fetus to develop as female if two are present

Question 34

Which of the following produces genetic variation in populations?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) nondisjunction
D) replication
E) recombination

Question 35

Autosomes

A) occur singularly
B) carry genetic information that determine the individual's sex
C) carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics
D) carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics except primary sex determination
E) do not carry genetic information

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of mitosis?

A) The process requires only one cell division to be complete.
B) There are two cell divisions before the process is complete.
C) The result is gamete formation.
D) Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes.
E) Homologous chromosomes come together as pairs.

Question 37

What was a major goal of the Human Genome Project?

A) facilitate human cloning
B) map the chromosomes of every human on the planet
C) sequence the entire human genome
D) trace evolutionary relationships among primates
E) prevent overpopulation

Question 38

What are the X and Y chromosomes called?

A) autosomes
B) gametes
C) centromeres
D) sex chromosomes
E) karyotypes

Question 39

Scientists use _______ to produce many copies of small DNA fragments, such as those obtained at crime scenes or from fossils.

A) transcription
B) polymerase chain reactions
C) nondisjunction
D) trisomies
E) random assortment of alleles

Question 40

The structure of DNA can be described as a triple helix.

Question 41

The result of nondisjunction is that NONE of the daughter cells will receive any chromosomes.

Question 42

What are the two steps in protein synthesis? Where does each occur?

Question 43

Explain how nondisjunction can occur. Give one example of nondisjunction of the autosomes.

Question 44

Meiosis occurs ONLY in ovaries.

Question 45

Discuss whether it is possible for a human to have the following combinations of sex chromosomes: XYY; XO only one X and no Y); XXX.

Question 46

How do DNA and RNA differ in structure and function?

Question 47

The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in 1952.

Question 48

The progress made in genetics by the Human Genome Project is significant. What was the goal of the project and what is the potential for anthropologists, given that the genomes of other species are being studied?

Question 49

Regulatory genes produce enzymes and other proteins that either switch on or turn off other segments of DNA.

Question 50

Explain what PCR is and its importance to genetics.

Question 51

Humans and chimpanzees share about 98 percent of their DNA. What might be the role of regulatory genes in producing the anatomical differences between these two lineages?

Question 52

What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?

Question 53

Compare and contrast the processes and end products of mitosis and meiosis.

Question 54

The process of translation during protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes.

Question 55

Describe the structure of the DNA molecule in as much detail as you can.

Question 56

Give two examples of how the field of genetics has revolutionized biological science.

Question 57

The definition of gene is currently the subject of some debate. What is the central focus of the debate and what is the reason for the conflicting meanings?

Question 58

Nondisjunction can occur in the autosomes but never occurs in the sex chromosomes.