Deck 3: Geology of the Ocean

Question 1

Gaseous oxygen formed in the earth's atmosphere as a result of:

A) outgassing from the interior of the planet.
B) respiration of bacteria.
C) input from outer space.
D) photosynthesis.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The first heterotrophs obtained their energy from

A) autotrophs.
B) chemosynthetic organisms.
C) organic material in the ocean.
D) photosynthetic organisms.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The forces of the mantle acting on the crust give way to:

A) ocean basins.
B) continental drift.
C) magma.
D) continental rise.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Where oceanic crust is cracked and magma is emerging we find:

A) ridge systems.
B) atolls.
C) archipelagos.
D) trenches.
E) guyots.

Question 5

Seafloor spreading is the result of:

A) vertical movement along the lithosphere.
B) lateral movement of the crust.
C) growth of the midocean ridge.
D) subduction.
E) horizontal uplift of the continents.

Question 6

The solid region of crust and upper mantle is called:

A) the asthenosphere.
B) the mantle.
C) the lithosphere.
D) the outer core.
E) the inner core.

Question 7

The region of the mantle below the crust is called:

A) the asthenosphere.
B) the mantle.
C) the lithosphere.
D) the outer core.

Question 8

The continental crust is primarily comprised of all the following except:

A) granite-type rock.
B) basalt-type rock.
C) quarts-type rock.
D) silicon-type rock.
E) sedimentary rock.

Question 9

The solar system formed ____ billion years ago.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7
E) 8

Question 10

The ocean is frequently referred to as:

A) circumpolar ocean.
B) seven seas.
C) world ocean.
D) Indo-Pacific Ocean.
E) the cradle of civilization.

Question 11

The two continents that suggested continental drift are called:

A) North and South America.
B) North America and Europe.
C) South America and Africa.
D) Europe and Asia.
E) Australia and India.

Question 12

The first person to describe the mechanism of seafloor spreading by which continents drifted apart from one another was:

A) Sir Francis Bacon.
B) Alfred Wegener.
C) Harry Hess.
D) Edward Suess.
E) Charles Darwin.

Question 13

It has been proposed that the first living organisms were:

A) heterotrophs.
B) autotrophs.
C) chemosynthetic.
D) photosynthetic.
E) multicellular.

Question 14

When Pangea first broke up it formed

A) North and South America.
B) Africa and South America.
C) Antarctic and Godwanaland.
D) East and West Hemisphere.
E) Laurasia and Godwanaland.

Question 15

The thickest of earth's physical layers is the:

A) crust.
B) mantle.
C) inner core.
D) outer core.
E) asthenosphere.

Question 16

Lithosphere plates move in opposite directions past each other at regions known as:

A) divergent plate boundaries.
B) convergent plate boundaries.
C) escarpments.
D) transform faults.
E) hydrothermal vents.

Question 17

A region where old oceanic crust is being destroyed is called:

A) a spreading center.
B) a midocean ridge.
C) a seamount.
D) a subduction zone.
E) an atoll.

Question 18

Pangea, the name given to the supercontinent that existed before continental drift, was coined by:

A) Sir Francis Bacon.
B) Alfred Wegener.
C) Harry Hess.
D) Edward Suess.
E) Sir Alistair Hardy.

Question 19

All of the following are evidence of continental drift except:

A) distribution of earthquakes.
B) age of rocks from the sea floor.
C) reefs.
D) analysis of core samples.
E) paleomagnetism.

Question 20

A small area more or less landlocked is called:

A) the seven seas.
B) a world ocean.
C) an ocean.
D) a sea.
E) a marine province.

Question 21

The transition between the continental shelf and the deep floor is called

A) midocean.
B) continental slope.
C) shelf break.
D) continental margin.

Question 22

The continental rise is composed of sediments deposited from:

A) biological activity.
B) underwater landslides.
C) midocean ridges.
D) windblown sources.
E) cosmogenous sources.

Question 23

Drowned rivers help create:

A) shelf breaks.
B) continental margins.
C) submarine canyons.
D) turbidity currents.
E) continental trenches.

Question 24

Seamounts are formed from:

A) the rift zone.
B) underwater volcanoes.
C) uplifting of crust.
D) earthquakes.
E) underwater landslides.

Question 25

The deepest underwater trench in the world is:

A) Mariana Trench.
B) Peru-Chile Trench.
C) Java Trench.
D) South Sandwich Trench.
E) Aleutian Trench.

Question 26

A core sample is taken 100 km west of and parallel to a ridge system. Magnetic readings of the rock show a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. How many km east of the ridge system must scientists travel to collect a core sample with the same magnetic properties?

A) 50
B) 100
C) 200
D) 0 km; collect the sample directly at the ridge

Question 27

At the base of a steep continental slope a gentle slope is called:

A) a bajada.
B) a delta.
C) an inverse plane.
D) the continental rise.
E) an abyssal hill.

Question 28

Island arcs are associated with:

A) midocean ridges.
B) continental shelves.
C) continental slopes.
D) deep sea trenches.

Question 29

The following are all main points of the article Animal Sculptors of the Seafloor except:

A) Gray whales feed in a way that preserves habitat of their prey
B) Biological activities can alter large expanses of seafloor.
C) The previous ideas about the feeding biology of large marine mammals were refined.
D) Feeding activities enhance the area's productivity.
E) Walruses overgrazed clam beds, causing environmental collapse.

Question 30

The special kind of fault along where different ocean plates are moving laterally away from each other is called:

A) trench.
B) midocean.
C) transform.
D) arc.
E) convergent.

Question 31

Sediments that are composed of the remains of once living organisms are called:

A) cosmogenous.
B) hydrogenous.
C) inorganic..
D) biogenous.
E) terrigenous.

Question 32

The area beyond the neritic zone is called

A) abyssal plain.
B) ocean basin.
C) trench.
D) continental margin.
E) the hadal zone.

Question 33

Midocean ridges form:

A) anywhere in the middle of the ocean.
B) in subduction zones.
C) where oceanic crust is cracked and magma is emerging.
D) in deep ocean trenches.

Question 34

The area directly below the neritic zone is called:

A) abyssal plain.
B) ocean basin.
C) trench.
D) continental margin.
E) hadal zone.

Question 35

Turbidity currents are thought to have contributed to the formation of the:

A) Hudson River Canyon.
B) Chesapeake Bay.
C) Galveston Bay Canyon.
D) San Francisco Bay.
E) Scripps Submarine Canyon.

Question 36

In 1977 Dr. Robert Ballard and J.F. Grassle discovered

A) underwater seamounts.
B) the midocean ridge.
C) the Titanic.
D) rift communities.
E) the Andrea Doria.

Question 37

Dotting the abyssal plain are abyssal hills that rise up to:

A) 100 meters.
B) 500 meters.
C) 1000 meters.
D) 1500 meters.
E) 4000 meters.

Question 38

As sand moves rapidly down the continental slope it can lead to:

A) convergence.
B) earthquakes.
C) turbidity currents.
D) shelf breaks.
E) midocean ridges.

Question 39

A flat expanse of an ocean basin is called:

A) a seamount.
B) an abyssal plain.
C) an abyssal hills.
D) an abyssal prairie.
E) an underwater delta.

Question 40

All of the following are considered a main ocean basin except:

A) Pacific.
B) Atlantic.
C) Mediterranean.
D) Arctic.
E) Indian.

Question 41

Faults are regions where lithospheric plates are moving toward one another.

Question 42

The type and amount of sediment found on a continental shelf is not important to organisms that live there.

Question 43

Radiolarian ooze is produced by multi-cellular organisms.

Question 44

You are planning to set sail on your catamaran from Los Angeles to Tahiti. What piece of navigating equipment would you wish to use?

A) sextant.
B) GPS unit.
C) chronometer.
D) physiographic chart.

Question 45

Continental crust is composed mostly of iron and magnesium.

Question 46

The reference or primary line of longitude is:

A) the Tropic of Cancer.
B) the Tropic of Capricorn.
C) the Greenwich meridian.
D) the equator.
E) the International Date Line.

Question 47

Seamounts and underwater volcanoes tend to be concentrated near midocean ridges and subduction zones.

Question 48

Sediments that are formed from seawater as a result of a variety of chemical processes are called:

A) cosmogenous.
B) hydrogenous.
C) organic..
D) biogenous.
E) terrigenous.

Question 49

The world ocean covers 70.8% of the earth's surface.

Question 50

Bathygraphic features are features associated with land.

Question 51

Continental crust is older than oceanic crust.

Question 52

An example of a hydrogenous sediment is:

A) diatomaceous ooze.
B) siliceous ooze.
C) manganese nodules.
D) calcareous ooze.
E) coccolithophore ooze.

Question 53

Mud is composed of:

A) dirt and water.
B) iron and diatoms.
C) clay and silt.
D) calcareous and siliceous ooze.
E) sand and clay.

Question 54

Seamounts are formed from underwater volcanoes.

Question 55

The source of the water that formed the earth's oceans was water vapor escaping from the interior of the planet.

Question 56

You have a sediment sample taken from the Tropical Indo-Pacific shallows. When acid is added to the sample, it bubbles and fizzes. What do you conclude?

A) bubbles are due to mangnesium nodules.
B) the sample is cosmogenous.
C) the sample is terrigenous.
D) the sample is biogenous.

Question 57

The skeletons of radiolarians contribute to biogenous sediment that is called:

A) diatomaceous ooze.
B) calcareous ooze.
C) manganese ooze.
D) siliceous ooze.
E) hydrogenous ooze.

Question 58

Mountainous coastlines tend to be associated with narrow continental shelves.

Question 59

An ooze is called an ooze if it is composed of ____% or more of biogenous sediments.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Question 60

A chronometer is used for:

A) measuring depth.
B) measuring speed.
C) measuring time.
D) measuring latitude.
E) measuring longitude.

Question 61

Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.these are lines that extend from the North Pole to the South Pole
b.these form progressively smaller circles from the equator to the poles
c.also known as Greenwich
Primary meridian

Question 62

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated earth layer.
a.dense, hot, rich in iron and nickel
b.granite or basalt
c.magnesium - iron silicates
Mantle

Question 63

Diatomaceous ooze is material leaking out of diatom cells.

Question 64

MATCHING
Match the water body term with its most closely associated description.
a.small ocean body more or less landlocked
b.all the oceans
c.small body of water cut off by land formations
Sea

Question 65

One nautical mile equals one degree of latitude.

Question 66

Match the words with the most closely associated descriptions.
a.where new ocean bottom is formed
b.where most earthquakes occur
c.where ocean plate goes below terrestrial plate
Subduction zone

Question 67

Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.these are lines that extend from the North Pole to the South Pole
b.these form progressively smaller circles from the equator to the poles
c.also known as Greenwich
Latitude

Question 68

Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.layer between crust and mantle
b.where plates move toward each other
c.where plates move apart
d.where plates move laterally beside each other
Divergent plate boundary

Question 69

Match the words with the most closely associated descriptions.
a.where new ocean bottom is formed
b.where most earthquakes occur
c.where ocean plate goes below terrestrial plate
Fracture zone

Question 70

MATCHING
Match the water body term with its most closely associated description.
a.small ocean body more or less landlocked
b.all the oceans
c.small body of water cut off by land formations
World Ocean

Question 71

Latitude lines are referred to as parallels because they parallel one another.

Question 72

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated earth layer.
a.dense, hot, rich in iron and nickel
b.granite or basalt
c.magnesium - iron silicates
Inner Core

Question 73

Match the layer with its most closely associated description.
a.liquid mantle
b.upper mantle and crust
c.floats on the mantle
Crust

Question 74

Match the layer with its most closely associated description.
a.liquid mantle
b.upper mantle and crust
c.floats on the mantle
Lithosphere

Question 75

MATCHING
Match the water body term with its most closely associated description.
a.small ocean body more or less landlocked
b.all the oceans
c.small body of water cut off by land formations
Gulf

Question 76

Match the layer with its most closely associated description.
a.liquid mantle
b.upper mantle and crust
c.floats on the mantle
Asthenosphere

Question 77

Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.these are lines that extend from the North Pole to the South Pole
b.these form progressively smaller circles from the equator to the poles
c.also known as Greenwich
Longitude

Question 78

Match the words with the most closely associated descriptions.
a.where new ocean bottom is formed
b.where most earthquakes occur
c.where ocean plate goes below terrestrial plate
Seafloor spreading

Question 79

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated earth layer.
a.dense, hot, rich in iron and nickel
b.granite or basalt
c.magnesium - iron silicates
Crust

Question 80

Bathymetric charts represent the contour of the ocean bottom with contour lines that connect similar depths.