Deck 18: Life in the Oceans Depths

Question 1

All the following are major factors that affect animals living in the deep ocean except:

A) light.
B) temperature.
C) salinity.
D) pressure.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Deep ocean organisms expend little energy to stay afloat because

A) they have air bladders.
B) they have a high oil content.
C) of their small size.
D) they are the same density as the surrounding environment.
E) their metabolism is high.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Hydrostatic pressure within the oceans increases one atmosphere with every ____ meter increase in depth.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 100
E) 200

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Many deep-sea fishes have tubular eyes with

A) a single large retina.
B) two retinas.
C) multiple retinas.
D) no retina.
E) compound eyes.

Question 5

The density of cold water at great depths is

A) lower than surface waters.
B) similar to the surface waters.
C) higher than the surface waters.
D) always the same throughout the water column.
E) variable, depending on latitude.

Question 6

All of the following are major components of the deep sea food web except:

A) detritus.
B) nocturnal vertical migration to feed near the surface.
C) larger predators feeding on the small deep sea organisms.
D) photosynthesis.
E) scavenging.

Question 7

Organisms that use bioluminescence to attract prey are the:

A) hatchetfish.
B) anglerfish.
C) stomiatoid fish
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 8

At the deepest depths many animals find prey by relying on

A) tactile senses.
B) chemical stimuli.
C) large eyes.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 9

The hydrostatic pressure within deep sea organisms is:

A) more than the surrounding pressure.
B) equal but opposite force.
C) equal and same force.
D) less than the surrounding pressure.

Question 10

All of the following apply to the deep sea except:

A) temperatures vary greatly in deep waters.
B) pressures are very high.
C) light is dim or nonexistent.
D) the water is extremely cold.

Question 11

All of the following are involved in light production of bioluminescent bacteria except:

A) luciferin.
B) luciferase.
C) cellulose.
D) oxygen.

Question 12

The main source of light in the deep sea is:

A) the sun.
B) bioluminescence.
C) underwater volcanoes.
D) dinoflagellates.
E) anglerfish.

Question 13

In the twilight zone (150-450 meters) bioluminescence is primarily used for

A) mate selection.
B) detecting prey.
C) locating prey.
D) countershading.
E) species recognition.

Question 14

The abiotic factor that has had the greatest evolutionary effects on deep-sea animals is:

A) low temperatures.
B) high pressure.
C) low nutrients.
D) lack of light.
E) varying salinity.

Question 15

A male fish that uses bright lights at the top of its tail fins to identify itself to females when breeding is a type of:

A) an anglerfish.
B) a lanternfish.
C) an opossum shrimp.
D) a viperfish.
E) a gulper eel.

Question 16

Male anglerfish often attach to the female so they can

A) utilize the female's increased ability to find prey.
B) utilize the female's increased predator avoidance.
C) provide sperm to fertilize eggs.
D) avoid being eaten by the female.
E) obtain growth hormones from her bloodstream.

Question 17

Deep-sea fish with large mouths use this adaptation to:

A) take chucks of meat off of larger predators probing the deep ocean in search of food.
B) threaten other competitors.
C) swallow almost anything that comes their way.
D) store their large teeth.
E) filter-feed on plankton.

Question 18

Bioluminescence of deep-sea animals may be used for all of the following except:

A) attraction of prey.
B) detection and identification of mates.
C) countershading.
D) photosynthesis.
E) startling a predator.

Question 19

The density of the organisms living at great depths is about:

A) the same as the surrounding density.
B) greater than the surrounding density.
C) less than the surrounding density.

Question 20

Bioluminescence occurs as a result of

A) luminescent organs.
B) symbiotic bacteria.
C) conversion of protein luciferin into light energy
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 21

Primary consumers of the vent communities include all except

A) clams.
B) fish.
C) mussels.
D) worms.
E) shrimp.

Question 22

The base of the food web in the deep sea is:

A) phytoplankton.
B) algae.
C) seagrasses.
D) sinking dead matter.
E) viruses.

Question 23

The deep-sea soft-bottom food chain is: ____.

A) infauna → meiofauna → bacteria
B) bacteria → meiofauna → infauna
C) meiofauna → bacteria → infauna
D) meiofauna → infauna → bacteria

Question 24

A possible reason for deep-sea gigantism is:

A) the long life of these animals, compared with shallow-water relatives.
B) the healthy diet of these animals.
C) the high pressure of these waters.
D) the lack of predators, which means longer life and larger size.
E) the high metabolism of deep sea animals.

Question 25

The vampire squid was placed in the order Vampyromorpha on account of:

A) it has ten arms, but looks like an octopus.
B) it appears to drift rather than actively swim.
C) it has tentacles that can be coiled up.
D) all the above

Question 26

The limpet-like Neopilina was thought to be extinct for over

A) 100 million years.
B) 175 million years.
C) 250 million years.
D) 350 million years.
E) 1 billion years.

Question 27

The base of the food web of deep-sea vent communities are:

A) chemosynthetic bacteria.
B) cyanobacteria.
C) dinoflagellates.
D) deep-sea algae.
E) benthic diatoms.

Question 28

The limpet-like Neopilina's ancestors may have led to the following modern groups except:

A) gastropods.
B) chitons.
C) bivalves.
D) cephalopods.

Question 29

Deep-sea bivalves differ from their surface relatives by using their siphons to:

A) detect the presence of nearby prey items.
B) detect the presence of nearby predators.
C) vacuum up food.
D) both a and b

Question 30

Of the belemnites thought to be extinct, the Challenger Expedition discovered the living fossil genus:

A) Spirula.
B) Latimeria.
C) Neopilina.
D) Calyptegena.

Question 31

Chemosynthetic bacteria can oxidize

A) magnesium sulfide.
B) copper sulfide.
C) hydrogen sulfide.
D) oxygen sulfide.
E) zinc sulfide.

Question 32

White smokers produce a fluid rich in:

A) copper sulfide.
B) iron sulfide.
C) zinc sulfide.
D) magnesium sulfide.
E) sodium chloride.

Question 33

The limiting factor for deep-sea benthic organisms is:

A) high pressure.
B) low temperature.
C) available food.
D) darkness.
E) strong current flow.

Question 34

The giant squids of the deep sea remain a mystery because we lack knowledge of:

A) what they feed on.
B) their exact size.
C) their distribution.
D) their anatomy.
E) the identity of their predators.

Question 35

An ancient fish that has provided insight into the evolution of tetrapods is the

A) laternfish.
B) tripod fish.
C) coelacanth.
D) redmouth whale fish.
E) gulper eel.

Question 36

Diversity is considered high in the deep sea due to:

A) low dispersal of juveniles leading to speciation.
B) stability and old age of benthic environments.
C) high infaunal abundance.
D) combined low dispersal and long-term stability of the benthic environment.

Question 37

Black smokers produce a fluid rich in:

A) copper sulfides.
B) iron sulfides.
C) zinc sulfides.
D) magnesium sulfides.
E) sodium chloride.

Question 38

Diversity refers to:

A) the abundance of species.
B) the biomass of organisms.
C) the abundance and biomass of organisms.
D) the number of species.
E) the number of individuals of a species.

Question 39

Evolutionary biologists find the deep sea interesting because

A) of the unusual environmental conditions.
B) of the abundance of organisms.
C) the environment has remained stable for 100 million years.
D) the environment is constantly changing due to continental drift.

Question 40

The major predators of giant squid are:

A) gulper eels.
B) sperm whales.
C) giant octopus.
D) vampire squid.
E) viper fish.

Question 41

Match the location with the most closely associated project/vessel that made the discovery of deep-sea life.a.Philippine Trench
b.Challenger Deep
c.depths below the photic zone
Transatlantic cable

Question 42

Match the location with the most closely associated project/vessel that made the discovery of deep-sea life.a.Philippine Trench
b.Challenger Deep
c.depths below the photic zone
Galathea

Question 43

Photophores of deep-sea fishes may harbor symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria.

Question 44

Deep-sea vent communities are associated with volcanic ridges on the seafloor and cold-water seeps.

Question 45

The eyes of many deep-sea fishes are tubular.

Question 46

MATCHING
Match the use of bioluminescence with its most closely associated species.
a.attract prey
b.confuse predator
c.mate selection
Opossum shrimp

Question 47

Vampire squid are actually octopuses.

Question 48

The deep sea is characterized by being a very unstable environment.

Question 49

MATCHING
Match the use of bioluminescence with its most closely associated species.
a.attract prey
b.confuse predator
c.mate selection
Anglerfish

Question 50

Larvae of hydrothermal vent animals may aid in the dispersal of these animals.

Question 51

Vestimentiferan worms filter feed on nearby suspended chemosynthetic bacteria.

Question 52

Vestimentiferan worms lack digestive tissues.

Question 53

The bivalves and worms have red flesh due to presence of:

A) pigments absorbed from their prey items.
B) hemoglobin.
C) chromatophores.
D) pigments similar to other deep-sea organisms due to a lack of light.
E) structural colors for camouflage.

Question 54

Match the eye characteristic with the most closely associated depth.
a.tiny, only slightly functional
b.small and less functional
c.large - tubular
Twilight zone

Question 55

The disphotic zone is the deepest part of the world's oceans.

Question 56

Below the disphotic zone countershading takes on added importance.

Question 57

Match the eye characteristic with the most closely associated depth.
a.tiny, only slightly functional
b.small and less functional
c.large - tubular
Deep-sea

Question 58

Symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria obtain oxygen from their hosts through:

A) hemoglobin.
B) myoglobin.
C) sulfide-binding proteins.
D) luciferin.
E) breaking down cellulose.

Question 59

Match the location with the most closely associated project/vessel that made the discovery of deep-sea life.a.Philippine Trench
b.Challenger Deep
c.depths below the photic zone
Trieste

Question 60

MATCHING
Match the use of bioluminescence with its most closely associated species.
a.attract prey
b.confuse predator
c.mate selection
Laternfish

Question 61

How do animals living in the deep sea tolerate the high pressure and low temperature of these depths?

Question 62

Match the tropic level with the most closely associated vent community species.
a.primary consumers
b.primary producers
c.secondary consumers
Crabs

Question 63

Match the tropic level with the most closely associated vent community species.
a.primary consumers
b.primary producers
c.secondary consumers
Bacteria

Question 64

Match the tropic level with the most closely associated vent community species.
a.primary consumers
b.primary producers
c.secondary consumers
Vestimentiferan worms

Question 65

What physical features characterize the deep sea? Describe three factors.

Question 66

Match the eye characteristic with the most closely associated depth.
a.tiny, only slightly functional
b.small and less functional
c.large - tubular
Deepest regions

Question 67

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated diversity component.
a.number of individuals
b.number of species
c.how long a community persists
Abundance

Question 68

Match the food capture mechanism with the most closely associated species.
a.curved, fanglike teeth; chin barbel
b.dorsal spine lure, vacuum ingestion
c.hinged jaws, expandable stomach
Gulper eels

Question 69

Match the term with the most closely associated manned deep diving device.a.bathyscaphe
b.ROV
c.manned submersible
Trieste

Question 70

Match the term with the most closely associated manned deep diving device.a.bathyscaphe
b.ROV
c.manned submersible
JASON II

Question 71

Match the food capture mechanism with the most closely associated species.
a.curved, fanglike teeth; chin barbel
b.dorsal spine lure, vacuum ingestion
c.hinged jaws, expandable stomach
Anglerfish

Question 72

Why is it necessary for males of some species of anglerfish to parasitize the females?

Question 73

Why did the British naturalist Edward Forbes conclude that animal life could not exist in the sea below a depth of 55 meters?

Question 74

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated diversity component.
a.number of individuals
b.number of species
c.how long a community persists
Stability

Question 75

Match the food capture mechanism with the most closely associated species.
a.curved, fanglike teeth; chin barbel
b.dorsal spine lure, vacuum ingestion
c.hinged jaws, expandable stomach
Stomiatoids

Question 76

Describe at least 3 functions of bioluminescence in deep-sea fishes.

Question 77

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated diversity component.
a.number of individuals
b.number of species
c.how long a community persists
Diversity

Question 78

Match the term with the most closely associated manned deep diving device.a.bathyscaphe
b.ROV
c.manned submersible
Alvin

Question 79

Why do disphotic zone fishes exhibit countershading but not fishes that live in deeper waters?

Question 80

Describe at least 3 adaptations of deep-sea fishes for improving feeding efficiency.