Deck 14: Family Relationships

Question 1

Candace is often unhappy,has low self-esteem,and is overly aggressive with peers.What type of parents is Candace most likely to have?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Answer 1

authoritarian

Question 2

All systems are dynamic and change over time,a dimension that Bronfenbrenner referred to as the

A)mesosystem
B)macrosystem
C)chronosystem
D)dynasystem

Answer 2

chronosystem

Question 3

Nick,a single father,has become very caught up in his own life.As a result,his two kids often go without dinner four to five nights a week.In addition,they often have to wear dirty clothes to school because Nick doesn't do the laundry.Nick's kids are suffering from

A)physical abuse.
B)sexual abuse.
C)psychological abuse.
D)neglect.

Answer 3

neglect.

Question 4

Heidi lives with her mother,father,sister,and brother.According to Bronfenbrenner's systems theory,Heidi's family is part of her

A)mesosystem
B)macrosystem
C)microsystem
D)exosystem

Question 5

4 The day after he discovered his parents were divorcing,Benji was upset by the news from home and picked a fight at school.Bronfenbrenner would describe this relationship between home and school environments as being part of the

A)exosystem.
B)microsystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)mesosystem.

Question 6

2 According to the systems view of families,

A)parents influence their children,both directly and indirectly,but children do not influence their parents.
B)a family's neighborhood can affect family dynamics.
C)parents influence their children directly,but not indirectly.
D)a family's culture does not influence family dynamics.

Question 7

6 Cultural influences are part of the

A)microsystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)mesosystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 8

Who is most likely to conform to parents' and adults' requests?

A)a firstborn child
B)a middle child
C)a youngest child
D)an only child

Question 9

3 People and objects in an individual's immediate environment comprise an individual's

A)macrosystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 10

Who is most likely to be an influential grandparent?

A)Madea,an African American maternal grandmother
B)Ruth,an African American paternal grandmother
C)Judy,a European American maternal grandmother
D)Mindie,a European American paternal grandmother

Question 11

Who is most likely to be impacted by divorce?

A)Karrie,who is not very emotional
B)Joseph,who is 4 years old
C)Don,who tends to interpret events negatively
D)Sara,who is 18 years old

Question 12

7 According to Bronfenbrenner's theory,

A)events that happen in one microsystem do not influence other microsystems.
B)only one's immediate environment influences development.
C)individuals experience exosystems first hand.
D)the macrosystem is the broadest environmental context.

Question 13

All of the following are things that parents can do to help their children adjust to divorce EXCEPT

A)expect that children will sometimes be angry and sad about the divorce.
B)explain together to the children why they are divorcing.
C)remain involved in the children's lives,even if they don't have custody.
D)ask children to mediate parental disputes so that parents can get the children's input.

Question 14

5 The election of new school board members brought about a radical change of philosophy in Hannah's school system,which changed her teacher's behavior in the classroom.The indirect influence of the composition of the school board on Hannah in her school environment is an example of a(n)

A)mesosystem.
B)microsystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 15

1 Most theorists view families from a contextual perspective that views

A)parents' actions as all that matter for children's development.
B)the family as a system of interacting elements,with parents and children influencing each other.
C)biological factors as the pivotal elements influencing development.
D)social systems outside the family as having little impact on development.

Question 16

8 The ______________ dimension reminds us that microsystem,mesosystem,exosystem,and macrosystem are not static,but are often in flux. Here is another example of the issue I told you about when we spoke.-KM

A)endosystem
B)chronosystem
C)temperamental
D)ethological

Question 17

Which pair of siblings is most likely to have a harmonious sibling relationship?

A)Joey (age 4,male)and Justin (age 8,male)
B)Holly (age 4,female)and Will (age 7,male)
C)Monica (age 13,female),and Rachel (age 14,female)
D)Carl (age 13,male),and Katy (age 16,female)

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning factors that contribute to child abuse?

A)Abuse is more common in cultures that do not tolerate physical punishment.
B)Stepchildren are more likely to be abused than biological children.
C)Parents who abuse their children were often abused themselves as children.
D)Abuse is more common when families live in poverty.

Question 19

9 Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them.Richard is high on the __________ dimension of parenting.

A)control
B)authoritarian
C)inhibition
D)warmth

Question 20

10 When parents employ a high degree of __________,children tend to be secure,happy,and better behaved.

A)warmth
B)control
C)negative reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 21

29 Which parents would you expect to show the most warmth and the least amount of control?

A)parents in Latin America
B)parents in Taiwan
C)European American parents
D)parents who emigrated from Taiwan to the United States

Question 22

25 Miguel's parents have an authoritative parenting style.You would expect Miguel to

A)be self-reliant.
B)be irresponsible.
C)have low self-esteem.
D)have low grades in school.

Question 23

11 Parental control is most effective when

A)parents explain their expectations and reasons for rules.
B)parents don't insist on enforcing rules every time they are broken.
C)parents don't give children a chance to question their decisions.
D)standards appropriate for adults are set for children to meet.

Question 24

15 Parents who lay down rules for their children to follow without argument are showing which style of parenting?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 25

23 Although Parker's parents provide him with adequate food and shelter,they often are so busy with their own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself.Parker's parents would be described best as

A)uninvolved.
B)permissive.
C)authoritative.
D)authoritarian.

Question 26

22 __________ parents are neither warm nor controlling.

A)Uninvolved
B)Permissive
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative

Question 27

19 When Dustin asked his mother if he could spend the night at a friend's house on a Thursday night,his mother told him,"No,because that's a school night and you'd be tired at school the next day.Would you like to ask your friend to spend the night at our house on Friday?" Dustin's mother appears to take a(n)__________ approach to parenting.

A)permissive
B)uninvolved
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 28

16 Authoritarian parents exhibit __________ control and __________ warmth.

A)high;low
B)low;high
C)high;high
D)low;low

Question 29

18 Authoritative parents

A)exert restrictive control over their children.
B)are firm,but warm and responsive to their children.
C)exert very little control over their children.
D)are not involved with their children.

Question 30

30 In many Latin American and Asian countries,__________ is stressed more than __________.

A)individualism;collaboration
B)cooperation;individualism
C)control;warmth
D)cooperation;self-reliance

Question 31

20 Parents who are warm and caring,but exert little control over their children have a(n)__________ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)uninvolved
D)permissive

Question 32

21 Moonbeam's parents are very loving and accepting of her and believe in letting her "do her own thing," rather than trying to control her life.Moonbeam's parents most closely fit the __________ parenting style.

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 33

27 Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to be responsible,self-reliant,sociable,and good students in school.You tell him,"From what I've read in my textbook,my advice is to be __________ parents."

A)permissive
B)uninvolved
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 34

12 Sean and Sybil's parents hear an announcement on TV that asks,"Parents,do you know where your children are?" Their answer is,"No,and we don't really want to know where they are." Sean and Sybil's parents are low on which dimension of parenting?

A)control
B)warmth
C)hostility
D)indifference

Question 35

17 __________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children.

A)Permissive
B)Uninvolved
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative

Question 36

26 Christine's parents are warm and caring,but exercise little control over her.Christine is most likely to be

A)friendly and get good grades in school.
B)impulsive and have little self-control.
C)aggressive and moody.
D)responsible and self-reliant.

Question 37

14 You are writing a pamphlet about effective parenting practices.Which of the following statements would be most appropriate to include in the pamphlet?

A)"Show your child who is boss.Allow no discussion,no questioning,no disobedience of your authority."
B)"Don't be rigid.Change your rules often and keep your children guessing."
C)"Communicate with your children.Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if they don't understand or disagree with your standards."
D)"Keep your standards firm.Set standards for behavior at a young age,and keep them the same as your children get older."

Question 38

28 Who is MOST likely to have low grades and to get in trouble in school?

A)Vern,whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style
B)Bart,whose parents have a permissive parenting style
C)Glenn,whose parents have an authoritative parenting style
D)Owen,whose parents have an uninvolved parenting style

Question 39

13 Which of the following statements reflects good parenting practices?

A)Parents should exercise little control over their children.
B)Parents should be flexible and not enforce their rules consistently.
C)Parents should not explain their rules.
D)Parents should set standards that are appropriate for their child's age.

Question 40

24 Children of authoritarian parents typically

A)have high grades in school.
B)have high levels of self-esteem.
C)are the least likely to be involved in misconduct at school.
D)are often unhappy.

Question 41

45 A child argues and whines when his mother asks him to clean his room and then she cleans his room herself so that he will stop whining.This is an example of

A)disinhibition.
B)counterimitation.
C)reinforcement.
D)a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 42

33 Which of the following factors is associated with the fact that parents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have the authoritarian parenting style than are parents with higher socioeconomic status? Here is another example.-KM

A)Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more educated and consequently often see development as a more complex process that requires a more child-friendly approach.
B)Parents with higher socioeconomic status often lead more stressful lives so parents may be too stressed to invest the energy needed for authoritative parenting.
C)Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in neighborhoods where there is violence,drugs,and crime,so having an authoritarian style may actually protect children growing up in dangerous neighborhoods.
D)Parents with higher socioeconomic status place a stronger emphasis on family ties and respecting the roles of parents leads them to adopt the authoritarian parenting style more so than parents with lower socioeconomic status.

Question 43

46 Punishment

A)should be administered hours after an undesired behavior occurs.
B)teaches children new,more acceptable behaviors.
C)often makes children angry so that they ignore why they are being punished.
D)is not related to greater aggression in children.

Question 44

49 Time-out should last for

A)just a few minutes.
B)about 30 minutes.
C)about 1 hour.
D)several hours.

Question 45

43 When a parent unknowingly reinforces behaviors she wants to discourage,it results in

A)a negative reinforcement trap.
B)punishment.
C)counterimitation.
D)inhibition.

Question 46

39 __________ is any action that increases the likelihood of the reoccurrence of the response that it follows.

A)Punishment
B)Counterimitation
C)Modeling
D)Reinforcement

Question 47

34 Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher.She shows her how to open the dishwasher,tells her where different items go,and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away,it will be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant.Sybil is using

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)direct instruction.
D)inhibition.

Question 48

40 Praising a child for studying is an example of

A)punishment.
B)counterimitation.
C)reinforcement.
D)inhibition.

Question 49

44 When Daryl's mother asked him to set the table,he complained that he was too tired to do it.After he argued and whined for several minutes,Daryl's mother went ahead and set the table herself just so she wouldn't have to listen to him whine anymore.As a result,Daryl learned that whining is an effective way to get out of doing something.This situation is referred to as the

A)positive reinforcement trap.
B)negative reinforcement trap.
C)punishment trap.
D)parent trap.

Question 50

50 After a time-out occurs,parents should

A)give their child a reward.
B)punish their child.
C)talk to their child about why the punished behavior was objectionable.
D)let their child resume normal activities without mentioning the misbehavior.

Question 51

47 Drew's parents often spank him to correct his misbehaviors.Drew is

A)not likely to repeat his misbehaviors.
B)likely to understand what the punishment was intended to teach him.
C)unlikely to become upset by the punishment.
D)likely to resort to aggression when he has conflicts with others.

Question 52

38 After Amber saw her parents punish her older sister for using profanity,Amber became less likely to use profanity.This is an example of

A)reinforcement.
B)a negative reinforcement trap.
C)counterimitation.
D)time-out.

Question 53

41 An action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows is referred to as

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)modeling.
D)counterimitation.

Question 54

31 European American parents are more likely than Chinese parents to believe in the importance of

A)individualism and self-reliance.
B)cooperation and collaboration.
C)parental control.
D)emotional restraint.

Question 55

42 When Travis teased his younger sister,his parents made him go to his room.His parents were attempting to use __________ to influence Travis's behavior.

A)counterimitation
B)modeling
C)reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 56

35 When parents tell a child what to do,when,and why,they are using

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)counterimitation.
D)direct instruction.

Question 57

48 When Arnold misbehaves,his parents have him sit alone for a few minutes in the laundry room,which is quiet and away from the rest of the family.Arnold's parents are using

A)reinforcement.
B)time-out.
C)disinhibition.
D)the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 58

32 Within the United States,parents with lower socioeconomic status tend to be _____________ than are parents of higher socioeconomic status. Here is another example.-KM

A)more controlling and more punitive
B)less controlling and less punitive
C)warmer and more lenient
D)more univolved

Question 59

36 After Josh saw his older brother teasing and taunting their younger sister,Josh started teasing and taunting younger children.This is an example of

A)reinforcement.
B)observational learning.
C)inhibition.
D)counterimitation.

Question 60

37 Counterimitation involves

A)a child being unwittingly rewarded for an undesired behavior.
B)two children taking turns imitating each other.
C)learning through observation that certain behaviors should not be performed.
D)an increase in all behaviors observed.

Question 61

59 Corrina is an adult whose parents divorced when she was a child.Compared to adults from intact families,she is

A)no more likely to divorce.
B)more likely to delay having children.
C)more likely to have high life satisfaction.
D)more likely to become depressed.

Question 62

65 Who is likely to suffer the most harmful effects from parental divorce?

A)David,who is an infant
B)Steven,who is a preschooler
C)Kelly,who is in elementary school
D)Madelyn,who is in college

Question 63

55 When Hezron's parents reason with him about complying with their requests,Hezron often does not comply.Hezron's parents are likely to

A)adopt a more authoritarian parenting style.
B)adopt a more authoritative parenting style.
C)adopt a more indulgent-permissive parenting style.
D)continue to use the same parenting style.

Question 64

67 To help children adjust to parental divorce,parents should NOT

A)encourage children to discuss feelings of anger or sadness about the divorce.
B)take out their anger with each other on their children.
C)remain involved in their children's lives if they do not have custody.
D)talk together to children about the divorce.

Question 65

61 Who is likely to make the best adjustment to parental divorce?

A)Stuart,a boy who lives with his mother
B)Angela,a girl who lives with her father
C)Gabe,a boy who lives with his father
D)Stuart,Angela,and Gabe are equally likely to adjust well to their parents' divorce

Question 66

52 Parental conflict affects children's development through three distinct mechanisms.Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms? Here is another one.-KM

A)When parents are constantly in conflict,children respond positively to conflict because they learn that the family is able to withstand life's problems.
B)Seeing parents fight jeopardizes a child's feeling that the family is stable and secure,making a child feel anxious,frightened,and sad.
C)Chronic conflict between parents often spills over into the parent-child relationship.
D)When parents invest time and energy fighting with each other,they're often too tired or too preoccupied to invest themselves in high-quality parenting.

Question 67

57 Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that

A)children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement and adjustment.
B)girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects.
C)divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children's preschool years.
D)children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.

Question 68

51 Which of the following descriptions of parent-child relations is most accurate?

A)Parents often influence their children's behavior,but children rarely influence their parents' behavior.
B)Children influence their parents' behavior,but parents rarely influence their children's behavior.
C)Parents often influence their children's behavior,and children often influence their parents' behavior.
D)Neither parents nor children have much influence on the other's behavior.

Question 69

54 As children grow older,parents

A)become more physically affectionate with their children.
B)become less controlling of their children.
C)become more controlling of their children.
D)do not change their behavior in terms of either warmth or control.

Question 70

62 One reason parental divorce can be harmful is that

A)children often lose a role model.
B)single parents tend to become overly involved in their children's lives.
C)mothers tend to spend too much money on their children after a divorce.
D)unlike children from intact families,children whose parents divorce are exposed to conflict.

Question 71

66 According to Sandler and colleagues' study (2000)that looked at the relation of children's coping strategies to the impact of divorce,

A)when children use active coping strategies they are more confident in their ability to control future events in their lives.
B)using passive coping strategies effectively buffers children against anxiety and depression.
C)children are not able to reduce the harm of divorce by being active problem solvers.
D)when children believe they can cope with future events,they are more likely to be anxious or depressed.

Question 72

58 Studies of the impact of divorce indicate that

A)the overall impact of divorce is greater for girls than for boys.
B)divorce is more harmful when it occurs during the preschool and college years.
C)children whose parents are divorced do not differ from those whose parents stay married.
D)as adults,children of divorce are more likely to experience conflicts in their own marriages.

Question 73

70 Which statement about the adjustment to having a stepfather is TRUE?

A)Preadolescent boys adjust more readily than preadolescent girls to having a stepfather.
B)Preadolescent girls adjust more readily than preadolescent boys to having a stepfather.
C)In early adolescence,both boys and girls usually adjust readily to having a stepfather.
D)In early adolescence,both boys and girls usually have difficulty adjusting to having a stepfather.

Question 74

63 What advice would you give to parents who want to help their children adjust to parental divorce?

A)Try to get along with your former spouse,especially in regard to child discipline issues.
B)Do what you can to become your children's favorite parent.
C)Be honest with your children about your feelings toward your ex-spouse,even when it means being critical of him or her.
D)When you and your spouse can't agree on child matters,have your child's opinion settle the issue.

Question 75

64 The impact of divorce is likely to be more harmful

A)for girls than for boys.
B)for boys than for girls.
C)if it occurs during the preschool or college years,rather than during the elementary through high
School years.
D)if it occurs during the elementary through high school ,years rather than during the preschool or
College years.

Question 76

56 Parent-child relations are best described as

A)parallel.
B)reciprocal.
C)unchanging.
D)a one-way street.

Question 77

53 Not all parents work well together,because they Here is another one.-KM

A)resolve conflicts in constructive manners instead of destructive manners
B)disagree about goals.
C)disagree about goals or compete for their children's attention
D)disagree about goals,compete for their children's attention,or limit the other parent's participation.

Question 78

69 Which of the following is an example of a blended family?

A)two sisters and two brothers
B)a father,mother,son,and daughter
C)a grandfather,father,and son
D)a biological father,stepmother,and two sons

Question 79

60 When parents have joint custody,they

A)have a custody arrangement that is beneficial for children,if the parents get along.
B)have a confusing and harmful custody arrangement.
C)have the most traditional custody arrangement.
D)are more likely to fall into the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 80

68 Velez,Wolchik,Tein,and Sandler (2011)wanted to determine the benefit for children of an intervention program for divorced mothers that focused primarily on the quality of the mother-child relationship and effective disciplinary methods.What did Velez and colleagues find in their study?

A)By increasing the quality of the mother-child relation,the intervention program reduced children's coping efficacy and active coping.
B)The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother-child relation but improved children's coping efficacy and active coping.
C)By increasing the quality of the mother-child relation,the intervention program improved children's coping efficacy and active coping.
D)The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother-child relation and as a result reduced children's coping efficacy and active coping.