Deck 15: Dna-Based Tissue Typing

Question 1

In PCR-SSOP, the HLA allele is identified based on which of the following?

A) Primers that are specific for particular alleles
B) Probes that are specific for particular alleles
C) Restriction enzyme cutting and band patterns
D) Differences in single-strand conformations

Answer 1

Probes that are specific for particular alleles

Question 2

HLA is an abbreviation for what term?

A) Histocompatability locus array
B) Human leukocyte antibody
C) Human leukocyte antigen
D) Hepatic lipid antigen

Answer 2

Human leukocyte antigen

Question 3

Which are only expressed constitutively on "professional antigen-presenting cells," such as B lymphocytes?

A) HLA-A
B) Complement C2
C) TNF-alpha
D) Class II antigens

Answer 3

Class II antigens

Question 4

A set of alleles on the same chromosome is called which of the following?

A) Polymorphism
B) Aneuploid
C) Haplotype
D) Histocompatibility

Question 5

Which is the term for recognition of two or more antigens by the same antibody?

A) Synonymous
B) Ambiguity
C) Nonsense
D) Null

Question 6

Which of the following denotes a null allele in the HLA locus?

A) A*25:02Q
B) DR*10:04N
C) B*44:01:01X
D) B*16:12-B*16:14

Question 7

In PCR-SSOP methods for HLA typing, the primers used to amplify the region are complementary to sequences present in which exon of the class II genes?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 8

What does the term HLA-DQ designate?

A) HLA gene region, locus Q, sub-region D
B) The entire MHC gene region, locus D
C) HLA gene region, locus D, sub-region Q
D) The entire HLA-D locus

Question 9

Polymorphisms in the HLA locus arise primarily through which type of genetic event?

A) Translocation
B) Gene conversion
C) Missense mutation
D) Deletion

Question 10

In a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay, lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of antibody of known HLA specificity. Complement was added, and the cells absorbed trypan blue. What is the interpretation of this assay?

A) The lymphocytes express antigens specific for the antibodies in the assay.
B) The lymphocytes do not have antigens specific for the antibodies in the assay.
C) This is not a valid method for identifying HLA antigens.
D) The cells are resistant to complement lysis.

Question 11

Which are used in crossmatching for organ transplant?

A) Donor serum and recipient lymphocytes
B) Recipient serum and donor lymphocytes
C) Donor serum and recipient serum
D) Donor lymphocytes and recipient lymphocytes

Question 12

Which is in the MHC class II region?

A) HLA-A
B) Complement C2
C) TNF-alpha
D) HLA-D

Question 13

In accepted HLA nomenclature for identifying HLA alleles by DNA sequence information, the fourth specific allele of the HLA-A31 family would be noted as which of the following?

A) HLA-A*31:04
B) HLA-A*04:31
C) HLA-A*31-04
D) HLA-A*04-31

Question 14

Which is a nucleic acid-based test?

A) CDC
B) Isoelectric focusing
C) Crossmatching
D) SSOPH

Question 15

HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are in what MHC region?

A) Class I
B) Class II
C) Class III
D) Cytokine gene

Question 16

HLA specificities were first defined in the laboratory based on which type of methodology?

A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism
B) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
C) Amino acid sequencing
D) Serology

Question 17

What are private epitopes?

A) Molecules that bind to many different antibodies
B) Molecules only found on one individual
C) Molecules that bind to one specific HLA antibody type
D) Molecules that do not bind to any known HLA antibody

Question 18

What is the relationship between the number of HLA alleles that have been identified by serological methods as compared with DNA analysis methods?

A) There are fewer serologically defined alleles than DNA analysis-defined alleles
B) There are more serologically defined alleles than DNA analysis-defined alleles
C) There are equal numbers of serologically defined alleles as DNA analysis-defined alleles

Question 19

A husband volunteers to be the donor for his wife's organ transplant. In pre-transplantation testing, the woman's serum was mixed in vitro with lymphocytes from her husband. After a few hours, complement and Trypan blue were added to the culture well. The cells were observed under the microscope and determined to be viable. What is the interpretation of this assay?

A) The husband has antibodies that recognize his wife's cells.
B) The wife has antibodies that recognize her husband's cells.
C) The husband cannot donate his organ to his wife.
D) The husband can donate his organ to his wife.

Question 20

In HLA nomenclature, the letter N indicates what type of allele?

A) An allele with a new antigenic phenotype
B) An allele with no reaction to antibody
C) A new antigen sequence
D) Normal antibody binding

Question 21

Which of the following molecular-based methods can be used to perform HLA typing?

A) Southern blot
B) Sequencing
C) Single-strand conformation polymorphism
D) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis

Question 22

Bone marrow is going to be transplanted from a man into his sister. Which of the following laboratory procedures should be performed prior to this transplant to determine the HLA alleles of the donor and recipient at the highest resolution?

A) SBT
B) CDC
C) PCR-SSP
D) PCR-SSOP

Question 23

Which of the following methods used to determine HLA types always gives high-resolution results?

A) PCR-SSP
B) PCR-SSOP
C) CDC
D) SBT

Question 24

Which of the following methods that can be used to determine HLA types is only a low-resolution method?

A) PCR-SSP
B) PCR-SSOP
C) CDC
D) SBT

Question 25

DNA-based typing methods are used for which of the following?

A) Determining serum antibody status
B) Crossmatching donors and recipients
C) Measuring T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity
D) Identifying HLA types

Question 26

Graft rejection of MHC-identical transplants can be caused by which of the following?

A) The alleles present
B) Minor histocompatability antigens
C) The haplotype location on chromosome 6
D) Gender of the recipient

Question 27

A woman requires a kidney transplant. Five members of her family would like to be tested to determine if they are eligible donors. Technologists use sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods to perform HLA typing. Which of the following anticoagulants is preferred when collecting blood from the woman and her family members?

A) None
B) Heparin
C) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
D) Sodium polyanethol sulfonate

Question 28

An HLA haplotype is inherited from:

A) Only the mother
B) Only the father
C) Both the mother and the father
D) Neither the mother nor the father

Question 29

The level of detail to which an allele is identified is called which of the following?

A) Resolution
B) Ambiguity
C) Specificity
D) Typing

Question 30

Mice with compromised immune systems are still capable of graft rejection due to what proteins?

A) HLA-D
B) mHag
C) KIR
D) HLA-A

Question 31

Sequence-specific PCR using allele-specific primers and primers for an amplification control has been performed on DNA isolated from a patient requiring bone marrow transplantation. Analysis of the reaction by gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of two bands in a gel lane. How is this interpreted?

A) False positive
B) False negative
C) True positive
D) True negative