Deck 1: Serving the Needs of Children and Their Families

Question 1

Reinforcing behaviors/skills that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior/skill is called

A) negative reinforcement.
B) behavioral programming.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) shaping.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior.

Question 2

According to the ICF-CY, impairments are

A) problems in functional activities.
B) restrictions in activities.
C) problems in physiological functions of body systems.
D) limitations in functional skills.
E) limitations in participation.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: The ICF-CY Definition of Impairments is as follows: Problems in body function or structure; body function is defined as physiological functions of body systems.

Question 3

Pediatric physical therapy practice has not fully embraced

A) the concept of physical therapy diagnosis.
B) the concept of family-centered care.
C) use of the top-down approach for examination and evaluation.
D) use of the ICF-CY.

Answer 3

A
Explanation: The notion that "diagnosis has not reached the prominence among therapists working with children that the concept holds for those working in other areas of physical therapy" (Van Sant, 2006).

Question 4

Physical therapists first started to work with children

A) in the 1940s for the treatment of children with cerebral palsy.
B) when Sister Kenny came to the United States to meet the needs of children with polio.
C) when Berta Bobath introduced a treatment for children with cerebral palsy.
D) during the polio epidemic in the early part of the 20th century.

Question 5

External factors may affect a child's function such as

A) cognitive ability, emotional stability, motivation, and language ability.
B) impairments of body structures and functions and limitations in activities.
C) family support, access to health care, financial resources, and accessible schools.
D) family and child's goals and objectives.

Question 6

When possible, an examination should

A) start with tests and measures in the clinical setting.
B) start with observation done in the natural environment.
C) never be done in the waiting room.
D) start with determining the child's strengths and weaknesses.

Question 7

The sequence of the hierarchy of response competence is first skill acquisition followed by

A) fluency, maintenance, and generalization.
B) refinement of the skill, transfer, and attainment.
C) generalization, maintenance, and refinement.
D) transfer and performance in different environments.

Question 8

Determining the frequency, intensity, and duration of intervention is difficult; however, general guidelines have been developed for

A) cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury.
B) pediatric hospitals and school-based settings.
C) outpatient orthopedics and neonatal intensive care units.
D) myelomeningocele and muscular dystrophy.

Question 9

If one embraces the IFC model, no matter what setting a pediatric therapist is providing interventions in (clinic, school, home, etc.), the primary long-term goal of physical therapy should be to

A) maximize the child's strength, range of motion, and posture in order to prevent secondary impairments.
B) minimize all physical impairments to improve the child's motivation and self-confidence when among peers.
C) maximize the child's participation in the home, school, and community.
D) walk up and down the stairs independently in less than 3 min while carrying two textbooks in order to change classrooms in the time allotted between classes.
E) eliminate all environmental and personal barriers to the child's community participation.

Question 10

The legislation that preceded the Americans with Disabilities Act in providing protection and access for individuals with disabilities is

A) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
B) Social Security Amendments of 1965
C) Economic Opportunity Act of 1963
D) State Children's Health Insurance Plan

Question 11

Collaborative teams

A) desire consensus decision making in determining priorities for goals and objectives.
B) provide professionals with autonomy.
C) discourage role release because of liability issues.
D) prefer to provide intervention in special therapy rooms.
E) tell parents exactly what to do for their child.

Question 12

Which model of team interaction is most commonly used in early intervention programs?

A) Unidisciplinary model
B) Multidisciplinary model
C) Transdisciplinary model
D) Hierarchical model

Question 13

In pediatric practice, a top-down approach to assessment is preferred because

A) weaknesses are identified first, and it is child-centered.
B) desired outcomes are identified first, and it is family-centered.
C) it is the most common model used in physical therapy practice.
D) it is a deficit-driven model.

Question 14

Evidenced-based practice should include

A) expert opinion, continuing education, and personal experience.
B) intuition, unsystematic clinical experience.
C) explanations based on pathophysiology.
D) awareness, consultation, judgment, and creativity.

Question 15

Collaborative teamwork does not include

A) role release to designated team members.
B) consensus decision making.
C) motor and communication skills embedded throughout the interventions.
D) professionals working in isolation.
E) equal participation on the team by the family.

Question 16

A task analysis includes

A) determining the prerequisite body functions.
B) the activities required to perform the task.
C) the cognitive requirements to perform the task.
D) understanding the motor planning requirements of the task.
E) All of the above

Question 17

Collaborative teamwork does not include

A) role release.
B) consensus decision making.
C) motor and communication skills embedded throughout the interventions.
D) professionals working in isolation.
E) equal participation on the team by the family.

Question 18

When developing the plan of care for a nonacutely ill child, the most important factors in determining outcomes are

A) child and family's desired goals and objectives.
B) identification of the child's weaknesses.
C) therapist determination of desired outcomes.
D) results of the examination.

Question 19

When using a top-down approach to developing a plan of care for a child new to therapy, the physical therapist should proceed in which order?

A) Evaluate child impairments, set goals for child, and develop a plan for intervention.
B) Develop collaborative goals, examine the child to determine physical therapy diagnosis, determine prognosis, and create a plan of care.
C) Perform standardized assessment, interpret results, discuss results with the child's family, and create a plan of care.
D) Determine patient impairments, perform standardized assessment, develop a plan of care, and discuss the plan with the child's family.

Question 20

Which statement least reflects a family-centered philosophy of physical therapy intervention?

A) Asking the family what their concerns are.
B) Providing the family a daily home exercise program to improve the child's muscle strength in preparation for ambulation.
C) Identifying family caregiving routines and providing consultation to assist family members.
D) Preparing for ambulation; discussing with the family play activities for supported standing that could provide opportunities for some sibling participation.

Question 21

Low-income, working parents whose children do not qualify for Medicaid because they work might qualify for health insurance under which federal program?

A) State Children's Health Insurance Plan
B) Medicare
C) Health maintenance organizations
D) There is no insurance program available to them.

Question 22

If you suspect child abuse of a child you are serving,

A) you can say nothing because your professional code of conduct requires confidentiality.
B) you must report the abuse using your state's procedures.
C) you should speak to the child's parent.
D) you must write a report and share it with the child's physician.

Question 23

Chaining techniques work best

A) with those with a cognitive impairment.
B) as negative reinforcement.
C) as continuous reinforcement.
D) with discrete tasks having a clear beginning and end.

Question 24

When prescribing frequency of physical therapy intervention, which of the following children would be most appropriate for intensively scheduled physical therapy intervention (i.e., greater than 1 time per week)?

A) A 6-year-old child who was just released from ICU/acute care following a bout of bacterial meningitis who was typically developing premorbidly but now requires maximum assist for ADLs and mobility.
B) A fifth-grade child with mild hemiparetic spastic cerebral palsy who can ambulate independently and participate in recreational sporting activities with peers but demonstrates asymmetry when sitting at his desk at school.
C) A 3-month-old baby with a history of pregnancy complications, who was born at 34 weeks gestation with mild respiratory difficulties (now resolved) and who is currently demonstrating age-appropriate motor skills despite noticeable low tone/generalized weakness.
D) A 6-month-old baby with generalized weakness/low tone and an AIMS score in the fifth percentile who has supportive/attentive parents and who is not receiving any other services.

Question 25

When prescribing frequency of physical therapy intervention, which of the following children would be most appropriate for less frequently scheduled periodic rechecks (i.e., bimonthly, quarterly, etc.)?

A) A 6-month-old baby with generalized weakness/low tone and an AIMS score in the fifth percentile who has supportive/attentive parents and who is not receiving any other services.
B) A 3-month-old baby with a history of pregnancy complications, who was born at 34 weeks gestation with mild respiratory difficulties (now resolved) and who is currently demonstrating age-appropriate motor skills despite noticeable low tone/generalized weakness.
C) A fifth-grade child with mild hemiparetic spastic cerebral palsy who can ambulate independently and participate in recreational sporting activities with peers but demonstrates asymmetry when sitting at his desk at school.
D) A 6-year-old child who was just released from ICU/acute care following a bout of bacterial meningitis who was typically developing premorbidly but now requires maximum assist for ADLs and mobility.