Deck 2: Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

According to Soloway and Walters, once summoned to testify, researchers have no legal recourse but to divulge informa tion or face a contempt citation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Federal procedures for prior review of human subjects re search is evidence of failure of professional associations to have won public trust.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The most important source of social science research regula tion is the Department of Health and Human Services guidelines.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Institutional Review Boards are formed and run by the federal government.

Question 5

According to Soloway and Walters' examination of Pennsylvania statute, researchers would actually have had to assist, aid, or abet actual commission of a specific criminal act in order to be libel under statute.

Question 6

The text takes the point of view that deception is not permitted under any circumstances in research.

Question 7

In order to conduct research with ethical responsibility, criminal justice researchers should limit their targets of research to volunteers.

Question 8

In reality science itself is amoral, ethically neutral.

Question 9

Since until recently there has been no professional code of ethics governing research in criminal justice, it is safe to assume that most criminal justice researchers do not conduct themselves ethically in performing research.

Question 10

The text takes the point of view that some privacy invasion is inevitable in criminal justice research.

Question 11

The Belmont Report recommended the alteration of the HEW informed consent requirement in the case of field research.

Question 12

Laws enacted by Congress grant the right of privileged communication to contracted HHS researchers in criminal proceedings.

Question 13

The notion of reciprocity involves a mutual trust and obligation between researcher and subject.

Question 14

NIJ has no regulations governing the research of those who have been contracted to perform research for it.

Question 15

There has been no attempt to develop a code of ethics in either criminology and criminal justice.

Question 16

According to Klockars the researcher?subject model in bio medical research is analogous to criminal justice research.

Question 17

Since HEW supports both physical and social sciences, their original guidelines applied equally to each.

Question 18

A code of ethics governing research practices must, if it is to be worthwhile, require strict abidance by all with no exceptions.

Question 19

Polsky supports the view that the scientific role in research takes precedence over the citizen role in the short run.

Question 20

Weppner feels that a strict interpretation of the old HEW guidelines would have made street ethnography impossible.

Question 21

Plagiarism is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own.

Question 22

Shield laws protect researchers funded by the National Institute of Justice from having to reveal their confidential sources in a court of law.

Question 23

Research involving the observation of public behavior is not exempt from HHS guidelines.

Question 24

Subjects of NIJ research are protected by statute from the use of any research or statistical information identifiable to an individual.

Question 25

The Department of Health and Human Services has not been responsive to the unique needs of social science research in regulating research conduct.

Question 26

Zimbardo prematurely canceled his "simulated prison study" rather than risk harm to the participants.

Question 27

There is no official professional code of ethics governing research within the field of criminal justice itself.

Question 28

The code of ethics of the U.S.Department of Justice is the primary guideline utilized in criminal justice research.

Question 29

The primary danger in Milgram's "Obedience to Authority" experiment was that some subjects might get electrocuted.

Question 30

NIJ uses its own entirely different guidelines than HHS for regulating research conduct.

Question 31

Project Camelot was a study of decision?making in the Kennedy Administration.

Question 32

Polsky advocates the point of view that in participant observation it is very important for researchers to take a moralistic stance.

Question 33

Reynolds' research indicated that it is quite common for social science researchers to be subpoenaed to appear in court.

Question 34

Confidentiality of government?sponsored research is guaran- teed in the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1973.

Question 35

The new code of ethics of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences governs research in criminal justice.

Question 36

Under the HHS guidelines most research involving survey or interview procedures is exempt from regulation.

Question 37

During and after World War II the U.S.military exposed their own soldiers to mustard gas and nuclear radiation as part of scientific experiments.

Question 38

While a number of examples were given in the text of unethical biomedical experiments, there have fortunately been no such examples in the social sciences.

Question 39

Shield laws are intended to protect researchers from being sued by subjects for malpractice.

Question 40

Humphreys in his "Tearoom Trade" study avoided ethical prob lems by seeking informed consent of the subjects.

Question 41

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) currently have very little influence on the conduct of research in American College's and Universities.

Question 42

A major ethical concern regarding Milgram's experiment was the deceiving of subjects into believing they were physically harming other human beings.

Question 43

Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the U.S.has been:

A) Health and Human Services
B) National Criminal Justice Reference Service
C) Criminal Justice Archive and Information Network
D) National Institute of Justice

Question 44

The text took the point of view that research such as that on mothers with aids in Africa is clearly unethical.

Question 45

Which of the following was not described as one of the three forms that the regulation of ethically acceptable research conduct may take?

A) enforcement by state and local police
B) codes of ethics and institutional review boards
C) procedures imposed by the federal government
D) legal regulation in the courts

Question 46

In 1998, the Department of Health and Human Services concluded that Institutional Review Boards were overburdened, poorly staffed and subject to conflict of interest.

Question 47

Longmire's survey of ASC members found that their major ethical problem in research was:

A) pressure to engage in undesired research
B) confidentiality problems
C) reciprocity
D) informed consent

Question 48

Which of the following is not contained in the HHS Guidelines on the Protection of Human Subjects?

A) a fair explanation of the procedure to be used
B) an offer of remuneration to any subject requesting it
C) a description of any benefits reasonably to be expected
D) an offer to answer any inquiries regarding procedure

Question 49

NIJ's Confidentiality of Research and Statistical Data (1979) does not require which of the following?

A) that all original data be destroyed once the final report is completed
B) upon completion of research, identifiers are either destroyed or separated and secured
C) identifiable data is immune from administrative or judicial process
D) identifiable data may be used for statistical purposes

Question 50

The "common rule" (of federal policy on human subjects) requires that informed consent include a statement as to how the researcher will maintain confidentiality.

Question 51

Hagan's description of his inept handling of a participant observation study in Columbia, Maryland, "illustrated":

A) violation of reciprocity
B) violation of informed consent
C) violation of confidentiality
D) violation of objectivity

Question 52

Shield laws refer to:

A) protection for respondents against unobtrusive measures
B) government immunity from research
C) state?guaranteed right to confidentiality for researchers
D) reciprocity

Question 53

Which of the following was not identified as a key element in the "classic professionalism model"?

A) knowledge
B) service
C) autonomy
D) cynicism

Question 54

Since the Belmont Report, most of the decisions regarding protection of human subjects in research is under the control of Institutional Review Boards.

Question 55

Rik Scarce, author of Eco-Warriors while threatened with incarceration for refusal to reveal subjects was never actually jailed.

Question 56

In performing research, the text takes the point of view that the researcher's primary role is that of:

A) citizen
B) humanitarian
C) scientist
D) criminal justice practitioner

Question 57

Which of the following was not suggested in the text as appropriate in guiding ethical conduct in criminal justice research?

A) the adopted code should be rigidly adhered to by all in order to be effective
B) avoid procedures which may harm respondents
C) respect reciprocity
D) protect confidentiality and privacy

Question 58

The new HHS guidelines regulating social science research was a frank recognition that:

A) there has been little documented harm associated with
Such studies
B) there was abuse and need for more strict regulation
C) the social sciences were not prepared to regulate themselves
D) growing liability required legislation

Question 59

Which of the following roles of the researcher was identi fied in the text as the researcher's primary role?

A) criminal justice practitioner
B) scientist
C) citizen
D) academician

Question 60

Regulations regarding maintenance of confidentiality in criminal justice research:

A) are required of any NIJ?funded research
B) are solely the responsibility of the researcher
C) are not necessary
D) are required in exceptional cases

Question 61

In Project U.S.researchers studied student and peasant insurgency movements in Chile.

Question 62

Tierney's study of Darkness in El Dorado dealt with:

A) Mistreatment of orphan stutterers
B) Schizophrenic youth being encouraged to discontinue their medication
C) The death of a graduate student in the Himalayas
D) Unethical treatment of the Yanomami tribe in Brazil

Question 63

The Department of guidelines are the most widely followed regulations for social science research in the U.S.

Question 64

is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own.

Question 65

The Belmont Report advocated:

A) elimination of Internal Review Boards
B) tighter federal regulation of research
C) alteration of informed consent in case of field research
D) elimination of federal regulation of research

Question 66

What did Project Camelot deal with?

A) student and peasant insurgency movements in Chile
B) Sandinista election fraud in Nicaragua
C) decision?making in the Kennedy administration
D) homosexual behavior in public restrooms

Question 67

Research screening committees set up in colleges and univer sities to oversee the ethical propriety of research are:

A) College Senates
B) Faculty Policies Committees
C) Rank and Tenure Committees
D) Institutional Review Boards

Question 68

Which of the following was not discussed as an example of a social science study with ethical problems?

A) Obedience to Authority Study
B) The Simulated Prison Study
C) Kansas City Experiment
D) Tearoom Trade

Question 69

laws constitute a governmental immunity from prosecution, a state?guaranteed right to confidentiality for researchers if they are subpoenaed.

Question 70

are research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research.

Question 71

is a term for aliases used in research reports to protect the identity of respondents.

Question 72

Which of the following was not a basic principle of the Belmont Report (the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects):
A) principle of beneficence

A) principle of equanimity
B) principle of justice
B) principle of respect for persons

Question 73

refers to a system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers.

Question 74

The new HHS guidelines did not:

A) apply only to social science research
B) apply only to HHS?funded research
C) exclude most field studies
D) continue Institutional Review Boards

Question 75

What are the various roles that the criminal justice re searcher must play? How do these relate to ethical issues in the conduct of criminal justice research? Do you agree that the researcher's primary role is that of scientist? Explain.

Question 76

Ethical guidelines of the Department of _________________ provide a model for most other federal agencies with respect to informed consent and protection of human subjects in social and biomedical research.

Question 77

The group filing suit in the Ofshe case was:

A) Federal Government
B) Synanon
C) University of California, Berkeley
D) Hare Krishnas

Question 78

is the requirement that any information obtained in research is to be treated as private and not revealed in any manner that would identify or harm subjects.

Question 79

Which of the following lack a fully recognized state right to confidentiality?

A) physicians
B) lawyers
C) social researchers
D) clergy

Question 80

Reynolds' review of research on subpoenaed social science researchers found:

A) an increase in such cases since 1980
B) dismissal of most cases due to lack of evidence
C) release under the Freedom of Information Act
D) less than a dozen such cases mostly involving newspersons