Deck 12: Learners With Blindness or Low Vision

Question 1

Some people think both the legal and educational definitions of blindness are flawed because both focus on

A)method of reading instruction.
B)use of technology.
C)limitations rather than skills.
D)braille or aural methods.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

David has myopia. Another term for this condition is

A)nearsightedness.
B)farsightedness.
C)blurred vision.
D)color blindness.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A common criticism of legal definitions of blindness is that visual acuity

A)is difficult to measure objectively.
B)doesn't predict how well people use their remaining sight.
C)is defined in different ways by different professionals.
D)doesn't provide information about the cause of blindness.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve is

A)myopia.
B)hyperopia.
C)glaucoma.
D)cataracts.

Question 5

What percentage of school-aged children does the federal government classify as visually impaired?

A)0)5%
B)0)05%
C)5)0%
D)0)005%

Question 6

The transparent gelatinous substance in the eye is known as the

A)aqueous humor.
B)cornea.
C)vitreous humor.
D)retina.

Question 7

For educational purposes, individuals who are blind

A)are able to use a magnifying device.
B)can still read print if it is large enough.
C)have absolutely no sight.
D)must use braille or aural methods.

Question 8

Many students who are legally blind would not be considered blind from an educational perspective because they

A)have a coexisting condition.
B)are able to use vision for learning.
C)are able to read Braille.
D)are able to use hearing for learning.

Question 9

Janice is described as being able to detect some objects in the environment when they are fully lit. This is an example of a skill a teacher might note when performing a

A)functional vision assessment.
B)visual acuity assessment.
C)visual efficiency assessment.
D)visual sensitivity assessment.

Question 10

The colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands depending on the amount of light striking it is the

A)pupil.
B)lens.
C)iris.
D)cornea.

Question 11

Clara has good vision for assignments written on the blackboard, but she has difficulty with the print in her textbook. She may have a refraction problem known as

A)myopia.
B)hyperopia.
C)astigmatism.
D)glaucoma.

Question 12

The condition that results when the cornea or lens of the eye is irregular resulting in blurred vision is known as

A)myopia.
B)hyperopia.
C)astigmatism.
D)glaucoma.

Question 13

The watery substance found between the cornea and lens of the eye is the

A)aqueous humor.
B)vitreous humor.
C)cornea.
D)iris.

Question 14

Even though he has visual acuity of 20/20, Jeff is considered legally blind. This is possible if he has severely restricted

A)angular vision.
B)peripheral vision.
C)partial vision.
D)low vision.

Question 15

As a disability of children, blindness is

A)one of the most prevalent disabilities.
B)about average in prevalence compared to other sensory disabilities.
C)the least prevalent disability.
D)increasing rapidly in prevalence.

Question 16

The structure in the eye which refines and changes the focus of the light rays is the

A)lens.
B)pupil.
C)vitreous humor.
D)retina.

Question 17

Each of the following is a limitation of the Snellen Chart EXCEPT

A)It measures visual acuity for distant but not near objects.
B)It does not accurately indicate visual efficiency.
C)It depends on a person's ability to recognize letters.
D)It does not accurately indicate how a person uses vision in natural settings.

Question 18

The educational definition of blindness and low vision stresses

A)the method of reading instruction.
B)using visual acuity as a predictor of how people will function.
C)the method of vision assessment.
D)using whatever remaining sight a person has.

Question 19

The legal definition of blindness involves assessment of

A)color perception and visual acuity.
B)field of vision and depth perception.
C)visual acuity and field of vision.
D)depth perception and color perception.

Question 20

Blindness occurs most often in

A)adulthood.
B)adolescence.
C)early childhood.
D)preadolescence.

Question 21

The major disadvantage of large-print books is that they

A)are not available in libraries.
B)take up a great deal of storage space.
C)encourage students to be dependent on them.
D)take much longer to read.

Question 22

People who are blind

A)develop better acuity in their other senses.
B)are superior to sighted people in musical ability.
C)have lowered thresholds for sensation in touch and hearing.
D)learn to make better use of the sensations they obtain.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the conceptual abilities of children with visual impairment is true?

A)The performance of infants with visual problems is the same as that of their peers with sight on conceptual tasks.
B)Adults need to directly encourage infants and toddlers with vision problems to explore their environment as they are less likely than their sighted peers to do so on their own.
C)Touch is just as efficient as sight for arriving at conceptualizations of objects.
D)Infants with vision problems pick up information incidentally in the same way as their peers with sight.

Question 24

When walking, Lisa, an eighteen-year-old with blindness, has learned to attend to the subtle changes in pitch of echoes from objects as she moves towards them. Which phenomenon is responsible for these changes?

A)obstacle sense
B)Doppler effect
C)echolalia
D)tactual perception

Question 25

Use of compressed speech enables students with blindness to

A)listen to recorded texts at a faster rate.
B)tape record reports rather than type them.
C)develop better listening skills.
D)participate more fully in class discussions.

Question 26

A condition characterized by a preference for looking at near objects, non-purposeful gazing, distinct color preferences, attraction to rapid movements, and abnormal visual reflexes is

A)cortical visual impairment.
B)strabismus.
C)retinitis pigmentosa.
D)nystagmus.

Question 27

A hereditary disease that usually causes the field of vision to narrow and also affects night vision is

A)diabetic retinopathy.
B)nystagmus.
C)cortical visual impairment.
D)retinitis pigmentosa.

Question 28

A condition that involves an underdevelopment of part of the eye and is often associated with brain abnormalities such that a child is at risk for speech and cognitive disabilities is

A)retinopathy of prematurity.
B)optic nerve hypoplasia.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)cortical visual impairment.

Question 29

The basic unit of braille is a

A)single dot.
B)word.
C)cell of dots.
D)circular array of dots.

Question 30

In comparison to sighted children, children who are blind

A)have a few subtle differences in language functioning.
B)differ with regard to all major aspects of language.
C)are not impaired in language functioning.
D)have restricted language development due to their lack of visual experiences.

Question 31

Social adjustment problems for children with visual impairment are most likely the result of

A)inherent personality problems.
B)society's reaction to people who are blind.
C)stereotypic behaviors.
D)blindisms which cannot be controlled.

Question 32

Most professionals now agree that the intelligence of people with blindness

A)is usually higher than that of people with sight.
B)is markedly lower than that of people with sight.
C)is slightly lower than that of people with sight.
D)can't be compared directly to that of people with sight.

Question 33

People with sight can facilitate communication with people who are blind by

A)using "telephone skills" when conversing in person.
B)telling the person who is blind when they are smiling.
C)avoiding use of visual cues such as smiling.
D)eliminating reference to sight or color.

Question 34

A skill used by people who are blind to aid them in acquiring mobility is

A)sequential mapping.
B)spatial ability.
C)Doppler effect.
D)tactual perception.

Question 35

As a result of improper muscle functioning, Zelda's eyes are misaligned. This description suggests which one of the following conditions?

A)strabismus
B)coloboma
C)retinitis pigmentosa
D)nystagmus

Question 36

The National Federation of the Blind had a braille bill passed to

A)ensure that teachers of students with visual impairment are proficient in braille.
B)require braille instruction for all students with visual impairment.
C)increase the availability of devices like the Kurzweil Personal Reader.
D)provide funding for students to attend special schools to learn braille.

Question 37

The lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision is most likely due to

A)their visual problem itself.
B)their listening skills.
C)emphasis on using braille forms of achievement tests.
D)lack of exposure to braille or low expectations.

Question 38

Repetitive movements such as rocking, rubbing the eyes, and grimacing displayed by some people who are blind are known as

A)blindisms.
B)redundant behavior.
C)stereotypic behavior.
D)perseverations.

Question 39

Approximately what percentage of the population of people with blindness currently uses braille as a primary reading method?

A)12%
B)34%
C)62%
D)84%

Question 40

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)is caused by

A)premature birth.
B)excessive oxygen given to infants at birth.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)degenerative hereditary disease.

Question 41

The majority of people who are legally blind have some useful vision.

Question 42

Most people with visual impairment use braille as their primary method of reading.

Question 43

Guide dogs must learn each of the following except

A)keep on a direct route, ignoring distractions.
B)see when a traffic light has changed color.
C)stop at all curbs until told to go.
D)lie quietly when the handler is sitting down.

Question 44

Which mobility aid is most often recommended by professionals?

A)the long cane
B)a guide dog
C)tactile maps
D)human guides

Question 45

Oscar, a ninth grader who is blind, uses a device that converts regular print into synthesized speech. What is the machine called?

A)Descriptive Video Service
B)VersaBraille
C)Kurzweil 1000
D)Kurzweil Personal Reader

Question 46

Most authorities believe that lack of vision significantly alters the ability to understand and use language.

Question 47

Each of the following is an accommodation that can be made on the job for those who are blind or who have low vision EXCEPT

A)better lighting.
B)prompt snow removal.
C)obstacle-free hallways.
D)more time off.

Question 48

Historically, residential institutions were the preferred means of service delivery because they

A)offered a number of specialized services in one place.
B)provided more opportunities for social development.
C)maximized the academic achievement of students with visual impairment.
D)reduced the burden on families of caring for a child with blindness.

Question 49

Authorities recommend the use of guide dogs as the most efficient mobility aid for most persons who are blind.

Question 50

Blindness is primarily an adult disability.

Question 51

Professionals who work in early intervention programs for infants who are blind often recommend that initial efforts focus on

A)feeding skills.
B)mobility skills.
C)parents' feelings.
D)social development.

Question 52

Itinerant teacher services to a general education classroom is the most popular placement for students with visual impairments.

Question 53

Impediments to independent living and feeling comfortable in society for people who are blind or who have low vision include all of the following EXCEPT

A)paternalistic attitudes.
B)tendency to make superheroes out of people with disabilities for their accomplishments.
C)difficulty with incidental learning.
D)cognitive deficits.

Question 54

Children spontaneously compensate for poor vision by developing superior listening skills.

Question 55

Most students who are blind receive the necessary training in daily living skills to live independently.

Question 56

When guiding a person who is blind, you should

A)take his or her arm and push him/her ahead of you.
B)let the person take your arm and walk slightly behind you.
C)walk at a slower pace than normal.
D)allow the person to go through a door ahead of you.

Question 57

All of the following are appropriate actions pertaining to guide dogs and their owners EXCEPT

A)Patting the dog after asking the owner's permission.
B)Approaching the person on the side opposite from the dog.
C)Asking the person if he or she needs assistance before offering it.
D)Holding the dog's harness when you are asked to lead the person somewhere.

Question 58

An advantage of using guide dogs is that

A)they require extensive training.
B)they walk fast.
C)they detect obstacles sooner than a cane.
D)the dog leads so the person who is blind does not have to remember as many locations.

Question 59

People who are blind have an extra sense that enables them to detect obstacles.

Question 60

Adults who are blind are employed at about half the rate of those who are sighted.

Question 61

Describe stereotypic behaviors and explain why some professionals think a goal should be elimination of such behaviors while others think they should not be interfered with.

Question 62

Write a case description of a student who is defined as legally blind but has low vision from an educational perspective.

Question 63

Compare the language development of children who are blind or have low vision to that of children with sight and describe a problem associated with measuring intelligence in students who are blind.

Question 64

Provide brief descriptions for at least four examples of technological aids for communication, information access, and orientation and mobility. Then summarize cautions when considering use of technology.

Question 65

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following mobility aids: the long cane, human guides, and guide dogs?

Question 66

Describe four ways that special and general education teachers can collaborate to serve students with visual impairments.

Question 67

Explain why there is a common misconception that people who are blind develop an "extra sense."

Question 68

Describe two behavioral, two appearance, and two complaint signs that might indicate a student has a vision problem.

Question 69

Which skills should be the focus of assessment for students with visual impairments, and how should those skills be assessed?

Question 70

Describe two reasons why many adolescents and young adults with visual impairments might have problems becoming independent.