Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

What is the term for a biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long?

A) circannual
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Answer 1

circadian

Question 2

We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in which altered state of consciousness?

A) Sleeping
B) Out-of-body experiences
C) Dreaming
D) Under the influence of drugs

Answer 2

Sleeping

Question 3

What term do psychologists use to describe our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) Thinking
B) Consciousness
C) Conscience
D) Cognition

Answer 3

Consciousness

Question 4

Which sleep phenomenon is associated with the strange feeling of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon awakening?

A) Lucid dreaming
B) REM sleep behaviour disorder
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep paralysis

Question 5

Other species of animals don't sleep for long periods of time the way that humans do. Which of the following adaptations is used by dolphins and some other species, but not by humans?

A) going without sleep entirely
B) having one hemisphere asleep but the other awake
C) remaining fully aware during deep sleep
D) sleeping while others keep watch

Question 6

A circadian cycle is about __________ hours long.

A) 24
B) 12
C) 6
D) 5

Question 7

Consciousness is the

A) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes.
B) subjective awareness of ourselves and the environment.
C) memory of personally experienced events.
D) intentional recollection of an item of information.

Question 8

Harley appears to be in a coma as all of his voluntary muscles are paralyzed, yet he is actually awake and alert even though he cannot speak or move. What condition does Harley have?

A) sleep paralysis.
B) locked-in syndrome.
C) a persistent vegetative state.
D) dissociation.

Question 9

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) thalamus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 10

Which of the following phenomena was found to be common among patients who reported being abducted by aliens?

A) REM sleep behaviour disorder
B) Sleep paralysis
C) Lucid dreaming
D) Night terrors

Question 11

Our subjective awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called

A) consciousness.
B) creativity.
C) intelligence.
D) self-awareness.

Question 12

Which brain region is also known as your 'biological clock'?

A) thalamus
B) pituitary gland
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
D) hippocampus

Question 13

Our sleep-wake cycle follows which type of rhythm?

A) infradian
B) diurnal
C) circadian
D) ultradian

Question 14

One's mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as

A) sensation.
B) motivation.
C) consciousness.
D) perception.

Question 15

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A) Thalamus
B) Cerebellum
C) Basal ganglia
D) Hypothalamus

Question 16

Eric had a dream where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or survey much of his surroundings. He thought he was abducted by aliens, but if he were from a different culture he would likely attribute the experience to ghosts or witches. What is the most likely explanation for Eric's experience?

A) hypnosis.
B) sleep paralysis.
C) an out-of-body experience.
D) dissociation.

Question 17

When we feel drowsy late at night, it is the result of 20 000 neurons located in the ______________________ within our hypothalamus.

A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
D) amygdala.

Question 18

The hormone __________ is involved in triggering feelings of sleepiness and tends to increase after dark.

A) serotonin
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) melatonin

Question 19

Some people say that they spend more than half of their waking lives in vivid daydreams or fantasies. Which term is used for people with this experience?

A) fantasy-prone personality
B) sleep apnea
C) somnambulist
D) dissociative

Question 20

Which hormone triggers feelings of sleepiness?

A) testosterone
B) oxytocin
C) cortisol
D) melatonin

Question 21

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the

A) morning.
B) early evening.
C) afternoon.
D) night.

Question 22

The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every

A) 45 minutes.
B) 60 minutes.
C) 120 minutes.
D) 90 minutes.

Question 23

After more than four days of severe sleep deprivation, people report experiencing

A) sleep paralysis.
B) hallucinations.
C) locked-in syndrome.
D) bipolar depression.

Question 24

REM sleep refers to

A) dreamless sleep.
B) sleep induced by sleeping pills.
C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely.
D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly.

Question 25

Jim has just taken a flight from Vancouver to Halifax, which is a four-hour time difference. He finds he falls asleep easily when he arrives, but when he wakes up the next morning at 8:00 a.m., he is exhausted as it feels like 4:00 a.m. to him. What is the likely source of disruption to Jim's circadian rhythm?

A) Melatonin drift
B) Jet lag
C) Sleep paralysis
D) Insomnia

Question 26

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) Electromyograph (EMG)
B) Electrocardiograph (EKG)
C) Electro-oculograph (EOG)
D) Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 27

Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately __________ hours of sleep nightly, they often get no more than __________ hours.

A) 9; 8
B) 9; 6
C) 7; 6
D) 10; 8

Question 28

Colleen is sleeping and is experiencing twitches in her legs and hands, and she has had the sensation that she is falling. What stage of sleep is associated with these experiences?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stages 3 and 4
D) REM sleep

Question 29

According to research on sleep deprivation, one night of sleep loss

A) causes only temporary problems.
B) is not a problem at all.
C) only is a problem for women, not men.
D) does not affect people older than age 50.

Question 30

Which of the following is strongly correlated with dreaming?

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) rapid eye movements
C) locked-in syndrome
D) dissociation

Question 31

Research has demonstrated a correlation between sleep patterns and academic success. Which of the following sleep patterns is associated with success in school?

A) go to bed late and get up early.
B) go to bed late and get up late.
C) go to bed early and get up early.
D) go to bed early and get up late.

Question 32

Leah has just fallen asleep and appears to have awakened with a start, reporting that she thinks she just saw a ghost hovering by the end of her bed. What is a likely explanation for her behaviour?

A) She was experiencing K-complexes during stage 2 sleep, which is associated with visual disturbances.
B) She was in REM sleep and was dreaming of ghosts like the ones she had seen in a movie earlier that night.
C) She was in stage 1 sleep and experienced a myoclonic jerk and hypnagogic imagery.
D) She was having a non-REM dream that was more like fleeting sleep images.

Question 33

During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream?

A) Non-REM sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) REM sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 34

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Non-REM sleep
C) Regenerative sleep
D) Paradoxical sleep

Question 35

Melatonin is a

A) stimulant.
B) hormone.
C) depressant.
D) neurotransmitter.

Question 36

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A) Alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) Delta eventually replaced by alpha
C) Alpha eventually replaced by theta
D) Delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 37

Scrambled, bizarre, and dream-like images that come in and out of our consciousness, especially as we are drifting off to sleep, are referred to as

A) sleep spindles.
B) myoclonic jerks.
C) lucid dreams.
D) hypnagogic imagery.

Question 38

Which of the following symptoms is associated with Kleine-Levin Syndrome (also known as Sleeping Beauty Disorder)?

A) intrusive daydreaming
B) non-stop sleep
C) night terrors
D) lucid dreaming

Question 39

Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen. A few days ago, Sid was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance?

A) Due to the sleep deprivation, Sid does not understand the task.
B) He has accumulated a "sleep debt" that impedes his learning, attention, and reaction time.
C) He is will most likely ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D) He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 40

Melatonin is to __________ as opiates are to __________.

A) nausea; nightmares
B) insomnia; pain
C) nightmares; blood clots
D) apnea; nausea

Question 41

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 4
D) stage 2

Question 42

Jemele has an exam tomorrow. She plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to do some extra studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of __________ sleep she gets.

A) stage 2
B) stage 3
C) REM
D) stage 4

Question 43

Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stages of sleep?

A) Stages 3 and 4
B) Stages 2 and 3
C) Stage 3 and REM
D) REM and Stage 1

Question 44

If the EEG record reveals very small and very fast brain waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is

A) in stage 1.
B) in stage 2.
C) in stage 3.
D) in stage 4.

Question 45

Joanne falls asleep and seems to have several dreams involving things she needs to do, such as a research paper, grocery shopping, and dinner with her mom. These dreams are short and always start off the same way. What type of dreams is Joanne experiencing?

A) Non-REM dreams
B) REM dreams
C) Lucid dreams
D) Hypnagogic imagery

Question 46

Electrical activity in the brain during REM sleep is similar to

A) sleep spindles and stage 2 sleep.
B) brain activity during non-REM sleep.
C) activity during periods of wakefulness.
D) states of daydreaming.

Question 47

Fletcher is having a dream where he is shipwrecked out at sea. He encounters some pirates who end up saving him and transporting him to a tropical island, where he is elected president. Fletcher is likely having what type of dream?

A) Non-REM dream
B) Lucid dream
C) REM dream
D) Hypnagogic imagery

Question 48

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

A) Beta
B) Alpha
C) Theta
D) Delta

Question 49

Stage 4 sleep is marked by __________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 50

During a normal night of sleep, we spend the majority of our time in which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 4
D) stage 2

Question 51

Alcohol is known to suppress

A) delta sleep.
B) sleep spindles.
C) melatonin production.
D) theta waves.

Question 52

Sleep spindles appear during __________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 4
D) stage 2

Question 53

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 54

People in stage 4 sleep

A) dream all the time.
B) are hard to wake up.
C) are easy to wake up.
D) hallucinate.

Question 55

Piper keeps experiencing short and repetitive dreams about her upcoming statistics exam, especially after she first falls asleep. According to studies on sleep and dreaming, Piper's dream is most likely a

A) REM dream.
B) non-REM dream.
C) lucid dream.
D) paradoxical dream.

Question 56

Curtis has been getting only four hours of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare as he should have during the semester. Upon returning home for the summer, he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep. Curtis is most likely experiencing

A) dissociation.
B) REM rebound.
C) sleep paralysis.
D) narcoleptic seizures.

Question 57

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called

A) delta waves
B) beta waves
C) paradoxical sleep waves
D) sleep spindles

Question 58

What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams?

A) REM behaviour disorder
B) Insomnia
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep apnea

Question 59

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles in the brain waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 2

Question 60

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 61

Which of the following is a suggested treatment for insomnia?

A) Try to sleep only when tired.
B) Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning.
C) Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late.
D) Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes.

Question 62

The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is

A) insomnia.
B) night terrors.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 63

Which sleep phenomenon is associated with being aware of your own dreaming, and controlling your own dreams?

A) Sleep paralysis
B) REM rebound
C) Lucid dreaming
D) Narcolepsy

Question 64

Narcolepsy occurs when

A) an immediate REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness.
B) NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness.
C) inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks.
D) inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage.

Question 65

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you one minute, and snoring the next. Your friend is probably suffering from

A) narcolepsy.
B) parasomnia.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 66

You are chatting and laughing with a friend, and then suddenly your friend is asleep. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as

A) enuresis.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep terror.
D) daytime insomnia.

Question 67

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is

A) insomnia.
B) parasomnia.
C) hypersomnia.
D) REM disorder.

Question 68

Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night. He has no problem falling asleep initially, but recently he has experienced problems with waking up and then returning to sleep. Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

A) nightmares.
B) insomnia.
C) REM behaviour disorder.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 69

__________ is to acting out your dreams, whereas __________ is to walking while asleep but engaging in relatively little activity otherwise.

A) Night terrors; narcolepsy
B) Sleepwalking; REM behaviour disorder
C) REM behaviour disorder; sleepwalking
D) Narcolepsy; night terrors

Question 70

Mary is experiencing insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A) Take sleeping pills.
B) Go to bed at a different time each night.
C) Read in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D) Only use your bed for sleep.

Question 71

Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake and consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware?

A) Hypnosis
B) Sleepwalking
C) Dissociation
D) Lucid dreaming

Question 72

Why is REM sleep referred to as 'paradoxical sleep'?

A) because it is comparatively rare
B) because it has mental activity and physical paralysis
C) because it includes both delta and theta waves
D) because it doesn't actually include rapid eye movements

Question 73

What has been found to be more effective at treating insomnia than sleeping pills?

A) Hypnosis
B) Lucid dreaming
C) Hypnagogic imagery
D) Brief psychotherapy
QuestionID: 05-1-74
Topic: Disorders of Sleep
Skill: Factual
Objective: 5.1c

Question 74

Rebound insomnia refers to

A) sleeping difficulties resulting from relationship troubles.
B) sleeping difficulties caused by napping too much.
C) sleeping difficulties after long-term use of sleeping pills.
D) excessive sleeping resulting from accumulated sleep debt.

Question 75

Recent research suggests that __________ may be a very early marker of dementia and Parkinson's disease.

A) Night terrors
B) Insomnia
C) Narcolepsy
D) REM behaviour disorder

Question 76

Janice has had difficulty sleeping in the past and has been taking sleeping pills for several months. She does not want to take these any longer but finds that she is having a lot of trouble falling and staying asleep when she doesn't take the pills. Janice is experiencing

A) rebound insomnia.
B) REM behaviour disorder.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 77

If you have been waking up too early each morning (and can't fall back asleep) for several weeks, you are probably suffering from

A) insomnia.
B) parasomnia.
C) hypersomnia.
D) reverse insomnia.

Question 78

One of the symptoms of insomnia is having trouble falling asleep. What, specifically, does that mean?

A) being awake all night
B) feeling uncomfortable while trying to fall asleep
C) staying in stage 1 sleep for too long
D) regularly taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep

Question 79

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that

A) apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children.
B) insomnia is treatable but apnea is not.
C) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties.
D) apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not.

Question 80

To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?

A) Insomnia
B) Parasomnia
C) Hypersomnia
D) REM disorder