Deck 2: The Nature of Science and Research

Question 1

_________________ is any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time.

A)cross-sectional research
B)time-series research
C)panel study
D)longitudinal research

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A _______________ is longitudinal research in which information about a category of cases or people that shared a common experience at one time period is traced across subsequent time periods.

A)cross-sectional research
B)time-series research
C)cohort study
D)longitudinal research

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Following ___________________,scientists are detached and take results,including from their own research,as being tentative.

A)disinterestedness
B)universalism
C)research honesty
D)communalism

Answer 3

A

Question 4

___________________ is the scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process;dishonesty,fraud,or cheating is a major taboo.

A)disinterestedness
B)universalism
C)research honesty
D)communalism

Question 5

____________________ is the scientific norm that says that producing knowledge is a public act and the findings should be available for all to use.In order for it to be accepted into the community,it must be rigorously reviewed.

A)disinterestedness
B)universalism
C)research honesty
D)communalism

Question 6

_____________ are the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures.

A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Question 7

We know a lot about the social world from ordinary reasoning or __________________ .

A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge

Question 8

Researchers using _____________________ examine features of people or other units at more than one point in time.

A)cross-sectional research
B)time-series research
C)panel study
D)longitudinal research

Question 9

_______________ refers to observations that people experience through the senses-touch,sight,hearing,smell,and taste.

A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Question 10

___________________ occurs when we take special notice of people or events and generalize from them.

A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect

Question 11

________________ is a longitudinal study in which the same type of information is collected on a group of people or other units across multiple time periods.

A)cross-sectional research
B)time-series research
C)panel study
D)longitudinal research

Question 12

__________________ can be defined as a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation.

A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Question 13

_________________ occurs when we feel we have all the answers and do not need to listen,seek information,or raise questions any longer.

A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect

Question 14

_________________ occurs when we have some evidence that we believe and then assume that it applies to many other situations.

A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect

Question 15

A _________________ is longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods.

A)cross-sectional research
B)time-series research
C)panel study
D)longitudinal research

Question 16

Consistent with the norm of ________________,scientists should judge research only on the basis of its scientific merit.

A)disinterestedness
B)universalism
C)research honesty
D)communalism

Question 17

When we accept something as being true just because someone in a position of authority says it is true,we are using _________________ as a basis of knowing.

A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge

Question 18

________________ comes in various forms,but it says we overgeneralize from what we believe to be highly positive or prestigious sources of knowledge.

A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect

Question 19

__________________ means you accept something as being true because it's the way things have always been.

A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge

Question 20

__________________ is a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences.

A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge

Question 21

Explain the norms of scientific research.

Question 22

Like a magazine or newspaper author who is paid for writing,researchers are paid for publishing in scholarly journals.

Question 23

The media knowledge does not uncritically feed off the information provided to them by government agencies and politicians,and vice versa.

Question 24

The social sciences,such as anthropology,psychology,political science,education,criminal
justice criminology,and sociology,involve the study of people-their beliefs,personalities,behavior,
interaction,cultures,institutions,and so forth.

Question 25

What are the alternatives to research based knowledge?

Question 26

Scientists should accept new ideas or evidence in a carefree,uncritical manner.

Question 27

Academic freedom is the existence of an open and largely unrestricted atmosphere for the free
exchange of ideas and information.

Question 28

Scientists should aspire to be neutral,impartial,receptive,and open to unexpected observations or new ideas.

Question 29

Political funding in criminology/criminal justice does jot have a significant impact on its research agenda.

Question 30

Kuhn's progression of knowledge is the idea that scientific knowledge does not progress in a simple linear and cumulative fashion;rather,knowledge progresses in the context of a community,meaning that professional,personal,and cultural interests play important roles.

Question 31

Scientists may argue intensely with one another and tear apart a research report as part of the norm of organized skepticism.

Question 32

Describe the quantitative research process.

Question 33

Like the quantitative researcher,a qualitative researcher will
select a topic,design a study,collect data,analyze data,and interpret data.However,the qualitative
researcher often collects,analyzes,and interprets data simultaneously,or goes back and
forth between these steps.