Deck 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations

Question 1

An ______________ position states that what people see and touch (i.e. ,empirical reality)is not overly complex.

A)epistemology
B)positivist social science
C)falsification doctrine
D)essentialist

Answer 1

D

Question 2

is an orientation toward reality that assumes the beliefs and meanings people construct and use in a social context fundamentally shape social reality.

A)the social construction of reality
B)human agency
C)verstehen
D)interpretive social science

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The idea that each of us carries with us an enormous stock of theoretical knowledge essential for making sense of our surroundings is known as a personal theoretical framework.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

________________ is defined as empathetic understanding used by ISS researchers as their primary goal.

A)the social construction of reality
B)human agency
C)verstehen
D)interpretive social science

Question 5

The term ______________ refers to the idea that two seemingly contradictory elements or processes actually interact in a mutually transformative manner,with each transforming one another.

A)theory
B)bounded autonomy
C)dialectic relationship
D)dominant ideology

Question 6

____________ are hidden or unstated ideas about the nature of human beings,social reality,or social processes that underlie a theory or theoretical framework

A)theoretical assumptions
B)theoretical concepts
C)ideologies
D)concepts

Question 7

Whereas PSS assumes determinism,ISS emphasizes voluntary individual free choice,sometimes called ____________________ .

A)the social construction of reality
B)human agency
C)verstehen
D)interpretive social science

Question 8

Interpretative social scientists' ultimate purpose thus is to learn about how the world works so they can acquire an in-depth understanding of other people,appreciate the wide diversity of lived human experience,and better acknowledge shared humanity.

Question 9

The __________________ is a philosophical notion that science should be more concerned with contradictory evidence than supporting evidence.

A)epistemology
B)positivist social science
C)falsification doctrine
D)essentialist

Question 10

______________ is a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation.

A)theory
B)bounded autonomy
C)dialectic relationship
D)dominant ideology

Question 11

___________________ is an approach to research that emphasizes the systematic analysis and detailed study of people and text in order to arrive at understandings and interpretations of how people construct and maintain meaning within their social worlds.

A)the social construction of reality
B)human agency
C)verstehen
D)interpretive social science

Question 12

______________,is a method for combining deductive logic with precise empirical observations in order to discover and confirm a set of probabilistic causal laws that can be used to predict general patterns of human activity.

A)epistemology
B)positivist social science
C)falsification doctrine
D)essentialist

Question 13

The ultimate purpose of research for PSS is scientific explanation-to discover and document
universal causal laws of human behavior.

Question 14

Although most positivists believe in absolute determinism,PSS downplays an individual's objective or external reasons and any sense of social influence or pressure.

Question 15

_____________ looks at the questions,how do we know what we say we know,and what constitutes legitimate knowledge?

A)epistemology
B)positivist social science
C)falsification doctrine
D)essentialist

Question 16

The __________________ is type of thinking,beliefs that benefits and works to the advantage of those with cultural,political,and economic power.

A)theory
B)bounded autonomy
C)dialectic relationship
D)dominant ideology

Question 17

__________________ suggests that free will,choices,and decision making are not unlimited or open ended;rather,they stay within restricted boundaries of options-both culturally and materially derived.

A)theory
B)bounded autonomy
C)dialectic relationship
D)dominant ideology

Question 18

The term subjective implies that observers should agree on what they see and that scientific knowledge is not based on values,opinions,attitudes,or beliefs.

Question 19

Although ____________ can look like legitimate social scientific theories,they differ in that their assumptions and reasoning are dogmatic;in other words,they are rigid,unyielding,and unreflective.

A)theoretical assumptions
B)theoretical concepts
C)ideologies
D)concepts

Question 20

Critical Social Science defines social science as a critical process of inquiry that generates liberating knowledge so as to reveal structural and cultural inhibiting forces in an attempt to help people change their living conditions and build a better world for themselves.

Question 21

The cause variable,or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else,is the _______________.

A)independent variable
B)variable
C)unit of analysis
D)dependent variable

Question 22

A hypothesis is a theoretical statement that specifies the relationship between two or more concepts (variables)and says something about the kind of relationship it is.

Question 23

_____________ are ideas expressed as a symbol or in words.

A)theoretical assumptions
B)theoretical concepts
C)ideologies
D)concepts

Question 24

A __________ is classified depending on their location in a causal relationship.

A)independent variable
B)variable
C)unit of analysis
D)dependent variable

Question 25

We can think of the social world as comprising many units of analysis,such as individual people,groups,organizations,movements,institutions,countries,and the world.

Question 26

Deductive theorizing begins with specific observations of empirical evidence.On the basis of its observations and evidence,it constructs a more abstract set of ideas and concepts that explain the object of research.

Question 27

Explain the types of relationships that can exist between concepts in criminal justice research.

Question 28

What is the difference between criminal justice theory and ideology?

Question 29

A proposition,then,is an empirically testable version of a proposition.It is a tentative statement about a relationship between variables

Question 30

Inductive theorizing begins with abstract thinking.It logically connects the ideas of a preexisting theory to concrete evidence and then tests these ideas against the evidence.

Question 31

Explain the three approaches to social science research.

Question 32

The variable that is the effect or is the result or outcome of another variable is the ________________.

A)independent variable
B)variable
C)unit of analysis
D)dependent variable

Question 33

____________ are rarely used in isolation.Rather,they form interconnected groups,or concept clusters.

A)theoretical assumptions
B)theoretical concepts
C)ideologies
D)concepts