Deck 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

Dividing subjects into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a random process,so the experimenter can treat the groups as equivalent is known as __________________.

A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Upholding treatment integrity means that the researcher constantly monitors the implementation of the treatment to ensure a consistent and robust treatment effect is known as __________________.

A)selection bias
B)experimental mortality
C)treatment integrity
D)Internal validity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The group that receives the treatment in experimental research is called the ________________.

A)Pretest
B)Posttest
C)Main effect/interaction effect
D)Experimental group

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_________________ has one group,a pretest,a treatment,and a posttest.It lacks a control group and random assignment.

A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design

Question 5

The group that does not get the treatment in experimental research is called the _______________.

A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference

Question 6

To make a _______________ from an experiment,we must meet the same requirements that are needed for any causal relationship: (1)cause must precede effect, (2)there must be an association between cause and effect;and (3)the researcher must eliminate plausible alternatives.

A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference

Question 7

Also called the one-group posttest-only design,the _________________ has only one group,a treatment,and a posttest.Because there is only one group,there is no random assignment.

A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design

Question 8

All experimental designs are variations of the ___________________________ which has random assignment,a pretest and a posttest,an experimental group,and a control group.

A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design

Question 9

______________is the threat that research participants will not form equivalent groups.It plagues designs without random assignment.

A)selection bias
B)experimental mortality
C)treatment integrity
D)Internal validity

Question 10

An experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points,and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measures,often only once is called a ___________________.

A)interrupted time-series design
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design

Question 11

An ________________ is another one-group design that extends over a time period.Instead of one treatment,it has a pretest,then a treatment and posttest,then treatment and posttest,then treatment and posttest,and so on.

A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)equivalent time-series design
D)classical experimental design

Question 12

The ability of experimenters to strengthen the logical rigor of a causal explanation by eliminating potential alternative explanations for an association between the treatment and dependent variable through an experimental design is known as ________________.

A)selection bias
B)experimental mortality
C)treatment integrity
D)Internal validity

Question 13

A threat to internal validity due to something that occurs and affects the dependent variable during an experiment,but that is unplanned and outside the control of the experimenter is known as ________________.

A)testing effect b instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect

Question 14

A ____________ is measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment prior to the treatment.

A)Pretest
B)Posttest
C)Main effect/interaction effect
D)Experimental group

Question 15

_________________ are stronger than preexperimental designs.They are variations on the classical experimental design,they do not include randomization,and they also sometimes lack a pretest or control group.

A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design

Question 16

_____________ is an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable.It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately.

A)Pretest
B)Posttest
C)Main effect/interaction effect
D)Experimental group

Question 17

The independent variable in experimental research is often called a ______________.

A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference

Question 18

______________ is a threat to internal validity in experiments due to natural processes of growth,boredom,and so on that occur during the experiment and affect the dependent variable.

A)testing effect b instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect

Question 19

________________,or attrition,arises when some subjects do not continue throughout the experiment.

A)selection bias
B)experimental mortality
C)treatment integrity
D)Internal validity

Question 20

A ____________ is measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment after the treatment.

A)Pretest
B)Posttest
C)Main effect/interaction effect
D)Experimental group

Question 21

List and describe the major threats to internal validity.

Question 22

Reactivity,then,is the ability to generalize experimental findings to events and settings outside the experiment itself.

Question 23

What are the principles for accessing the feasibility of crime and justice experiments?

Question 24

Placebo effect is a reactivity effect named after a famous case in which subjects responded to the fact that they were in an experiment more than to the treatment.

Question 25

Demand characteristics are another type of reactivity.Subjects may pick up clues about the hypothesis or goal of an experiment,and they may change their behavior to what they think is demanded of them (i.e. ,support the hypothesis)in order to please the researcher.

Question 26

Statistical regression is a threat to internal validity that occurs when subjects in the control group modify their behavior to make up for not getting the treatment.

Question 27

When subjects do not receive the real treatment and instead receive a placebo or imitation treatment but respond as though they have received the real treatment Hawthorne effect

Question 28

29,Research participants might react differently in an experiment from the way they would in real life because they know they are in a study;this is called external validity.

Question 29

_______________is related to stability reliability.It occurs when the instrument or dependent variable measure changes during the experiment.

A)testing effect b instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect

Question 30

A Double-blind experiment is a type of experimental research in which neither the subjects nor the person who directly deals with the subjects for the experimenter knows the specifics of the experiment.

Question 31

Experimenter expectancy is a type of reactivity and threat to internal validity due to the experimenter indirectly making subjects aware of the hypothesis or desired results.

Question 32

What are the steps in conducting an experiment?

Question 33

Compensatory behavior is a threat to internal validity that is a problem of extreme values or a tendency of random errors to move group results toward the average.

Question 34

Diffusion of treatment is the threat that research participants in different groups will communicate with each other and learn about the other's treatment.

Question 35

______________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.

A)testing effect b instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect