Deck 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Kathleen has been labelled as a witch and has been subjected to "treatments" such as an exorcism and the "dunking test." Based on this approach to treatment of mental disorders, she lived in a time period when the __________ model of mental illness was endorsed.

A) social
B) demonic
C) medical
D) spiritual

Answer 1

demonic

Question 2

Which criterion for abnormality is met by someone who doesn't seem to care about bathing or other personal hygiene, to the point where friends and neighbours have started to complain?

A) Biological dysfunction
B) Impairment
C) Subjective distress
D) Statistical rarity

Answer 2

Impairment

Question 3

According to your text, ___________________ is characteristic of almost all mental disorders.

A) biologically-based triggering
B) a failure in successful treatment
C) an environmentally learned response
D) a failure of adaptation to the environment

Answer 3

a failure of adaptation to the environment

Question 4

Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behaviour?

A) Behaviour that does not create distress
B) Behaviour that is consistent with societal norms
C) Behaviour that is rare
D) Behaviour that is adaptive

Question 5

During the middle ages, signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by

A) imbalance of neurotransmitters.
B) social forces.
C) demons.
D) improper diet.

Question 6

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behaviour that creates a great deal of emotional turmoil. This criterion is called

A) biological dysfunction.
B) social context.
C) subjective distress.
D) statistical rarity.

Question 7

Which of the following is a criterion for defining mental disorders?

A) Environmental influences
B) Societal approval
C) Dramatic behaviour
D) Statistical rarity

Question 8

Kathleen has been placed in an asylum and has been subjected to "treatments" such as bloodletting. Based on this approach to treatment of mental disorders, she lived in a time period when the __________ model of mental illness was endorsed.

A) social
B) demonic
C) medical
D) spiritual

Question 9

In a cultural-bound condition called _______ , that is known among First Nations people in central Canada, symptoms include a morbid fear of becoming a cannibal.

A) windigo
B) latah
C) brain fog
D) mal de ojo

Question 10

Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality?

A) Biological dysfunction
B) Social context
C) Subjective distress
D) Statistical rarity

Question 11

The perspective that mental disorders don't all have one thing in common, but rather share a loose set of features is called the ___________________.

A) failure analysis approach
B) family resemblance view
C) medical model
D) multimodal approach

Question 12

What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of mental illness?

A) Psychobiology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Psychopathology
D) Health psychology

Question 13

The ______________model is to evil spirits as the _____________ model is to physical disorder.

A) demonic; medical
B) medical; demonic
C) institutional; asylum
D) asylum; institutional

Question 14

Which criterion for abnormality would NOT apply to a disorder like depression?

A) Biological dysfunction
B) Impairment
C) Subjective distress
D) Statistical rarity

Question 15

The development of modern psychiatric treatments, including medications like Thorazine, was associated with

A) the hospitalization and humane treatment of mental patients rather than imprisonment.
B) a movement toward deinstitutionalization which released patients and closed mental hospitals.
C) a push toward moral treatment of mental patients and the provision of better care in asylums.
D) the closure of community mental health centres and halfway houses as disorders were treated with medication.

Question 16

Any behaviour that prevents a person from meeting the demands of everyday life is considered to meet the abnormality criterion of

A) statistical rarity
B) subjective distress
C) biological dysfunction
D) impairment

Question 17

Bloodletting was a treatment associated with which model of mental illness?

A) Demonic model
B) Medical model
C) Societal model
D) Biological model

Question 18

Dave has difficulty talking to groups. Unfortunately, he has chosen a career in which he must speak to large groups of people. The night before a presentation he tosses and turns, and the resulting lack of sleep makes the situation worse. When he makes a presentation, he often becomes confused and stumbles over his words. As a result, he feels worthless and miserable. Which two criteria of abnormal behaviour are most useful in evaluating Dave's case?

A) Inability to function normally and statistical rarity
B) Statistical rarity and deviance from social norms
C) Subjective discomfort and impairment in normal functioning
D) Deviance from social norms and subjective discomfort

Question 19

If someone is studying psychopathology, what is their focus?

A) Biological aspects of psychology
B) Development throughout the lifespan
C) Mental illness
D) Social behaviour

Question 20

The 'failure analysis' approach to understanding mental disorders involves

A) evaluation of failures in treatments for mental illness in relation to its causes.
B) examining disordered behaviour to understand healthy functioning.
C) a focus on early identification of people that have an increased susceptibility to develop mental disorders.
D) a recognition that mental disorders can be adaptive so treatment should only be applied when behaviours become disruptive.

Question 21

Which of the following is evidence of stigma about mental disorders?

A) People with some diagnoses are likely to require lifelong supports.
B) The symptoms of a mental disorder can be difficult for some families to cope with.
C) People with some disorders are presumed to be violent, without evidence.
D) Some uses of the 'mental disorder defence' are fraudulent.

Question 22

Based on evidence about culture-bound disorders, as well as disorders that seem to be culturally universal, what role does culture play in the expression of mental disorders?

A) Most disorders are culture-bound, suggesting that mental illness is reliant on experience.
B) Culture-bound disorders are not supported by evidence, so we don't know whether culture plays a role.
C) Culture influences symptoms, but most disorders are consistent around the world so culture isn't the dominant factor.
D) Different cultures just have different names for the same disorders, so there is no real cultural influence on symptoms.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for determining whether a psychiatric diagnosis is valid?

A) It distinguishes that diagnosis from other, similar diagnoses.
B) It predicts an individual's performance on laboratory tests.
C) It relies on self-reported behaviours and not observations.
D) It predicts an individual's response to treatment.

Question 24

Which of the following disorders tends to have the lowest interrater reliability?

A) major depressive disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 25

Inuit people use the term kunlangeta to describe someone who cheats, lies, and doesn't obey elders. Which DSM disorder is most similar to this concept?

A) schizophrenia
B) psychopathic personality
C) depression
D) bipolar disorder

Question 26

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to

A) help psychologists assess only normal behaviour.
B) keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum.
C) describe the causes of common physiological disorders.
D) help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.

Question 27

A key idea in the discussion on the universality versus diversity in psychiatric diagnoses was that

A) all disorders are found throughout all cultures of the world.
B) most psychiatric disorders are unique to specific cultures and relatively unknown in others.
C) many psychiatric disorders are similar across cultures.
D) psychiatric disorders found in North America and Europe are often unknown in many African and Asian cultures.

Question 28

Which disorder would be most common in a Western country that is heavily influenced by media and advertising?

A) anxiety
B) schizophrenia
C) alcoholism
D) an eating disorder

Question 29

When we evaluate whether a diagnostic label is meaningful, one method is to look at its _______________, which is a measure of how much different clinicians agree on patients' diagnoses.

A) interrater reliability
B) construct validity
C) test-retest reliability
D) face validity

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5?

A) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.
B) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health.
C) It lists information regarding symptoms but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis.
D) It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis.

Question 31

If you know that someone has a particular diagnosis (like bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia), then which of the following should you be able to predict from that diagnosis?

A) their race and cultural background
B) their IQ scores
C) socioeconomic history
D) average response to treatment

Question 32

______________ are concerned that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviour, and can lead them to act differently and be treated differently by others.

A) Psychoanalysts
B) Humanists
C) Behaviourists
D) Labelling theorists

Question 33

What term is used for disorders with very specific symptoms, that only occur in specific countries or regions?

A) windigo
B) culture-bound
C) psychosomatic
D) invalid

Question 34

Some residents in Latin America refer to ________ as the cause of disease, misfortune, and social disruption.

A) windigo
B) gururumba
C) saora disorder
D) mal de ojo

Question 35

_______is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.

A) The Textbook of Mental Illness
B) The Textbook of Psychological Disorders
C) The Physician's Reference Checklist
D) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 36

Throughout his wife's pregnancy, Josh has experienced food cravings, nausea, and weight gain, including a "baby belly" and even breast growth. Prior to his wife going into labour, he even experienced labour pains. Josh suffers from what culture-bound syndrome?

A) Saora disorder
B) Gururumba
C) Couvade syndrome
D) Apotemnophilia

Question 37

In a culture-bound condition from New Guinea called _______, symptoms include episodes where people steal and later deposit their neighbours' possessions in the forest, but remember nothing of the entire episode.

A) windigo
B) Arctic hysteria
C) gururumba
D) mal de ojo

Question 38

Labelling theorists argue that diagnoses lead others to treat us as weird or crazy, thus leading us to behave accordingly. As a result, the diagnosis becomes

A) an illusory correlation.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) a demonstration of hindsight bias.
D) a framework for treatment.

Question 39

Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder.

A) Textbook of Mental Illness
B) Textbook of Psychological Disorders
C) Physician's Reference Checklist
D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 40

____________ is a culture-bound disorder, whereas ___________ is a disorder that has cultural universality.

A) Kunlangeta; bulimia nervosa
B) Mal de ojo; apotemnophilia
C) Anorexia nervosa; psychopathy
D) Schizophrenia; windigo

Question 41

The most prevalent of all mental disorders are

A) dissociative disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) personality disorders.
D) psychotic disorders.

Question 42

Although most individuals with mental disorders are not at an increased risk for violence, a subset of those with _______________ or _______________ may be more likely to act violently.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder; schizophrenia
B) substance abuse disorders; beliefs of persecution
C) mood disorders; anxiety disorders
D) personality disorders; sleep disorders

Question 43

We could consider depression as ranging from absent, to mild, to serious, to severe, and then choose treatments that are appropriate for each level of severity. What type of approach is this?

A) categorical
B) dimensional
C) comorbid
D) valid

Question 44

Which of the following disorders is new to the DSM-5, and is characterized by extreme anxiety about physical symptoms?

A) somatic symptom disorder
B) hypochondriasis
C) panic disorder
D) pre-anxiety

Question 45

What is required to have someone committed to a psychiatric hospital or other facility, when they are a risk to themselves or others?

A) The recommendation of a psychologist.
B) Petition from family members or other close individuals.
C) Recommendation by a psychiatrist and approval by a judge.
D) Consent of the patient.

Question 46

Steve committed a serious crime in Canada and is about to go on trial. Before the trial, Steve experienced a stroke that affected his ability to think and remember, to the point where he doesn't really understand what his lawyer says or why he has been charged with a crime. Which of the following is the most likely outcome for Steve?

A) involuntary commitment
B) civil commitment
C) incompetent to stand trial
D) acquitted of the crime

Question 47

Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders?

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Social and cultural
D) Biopsychosocial

Question 48

Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of

A) dissociative disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) personality disorders.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 49

Which group of disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence, as well as the highest prevalence during any one year?

A) Dissociative disorders
B) Anxiety disorders
C) Personality disorders
D) Schizophrenia

Question 50

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to

A) medicine and psychiatry.
B) all mental health professionals.
C) the legal system.
D) psychiatrists.

Question 51

__________ refers to the overlap between diagnoses, where individuals with one diagnosis also may meet the criteria for one or more other diagnoses.

A) Labelling
B) Pathologizing
C) Exclusivity
D) Comorbidity

Question 52

The prevalence of a disorder refers to

A) the percentage of persons who exhibit the symptoms of a particular disorder.
B) its accuracy or correctness as a diagnosis of a real mental illness.
C) the agreement among professional about a diagnosis for a specific patient or client.
D) the popularity of a diagnosis among different types of mental health professionals.

Question 53

The average age of onset for anxiety disorders is

A) 11 years
B) 15 years
C) 22 years
D) 31 years

Question 54

Donald has been diagnosed with a personality disorder, as well as an addictive disorder. What term is used for this dual diagnosis?

A) categorical
B) dimensional
C) comorbid
D) invalid

Question 55

Which group of disorders typically has the youngest age of onset?

A) schizophrenia
B) mood disorders
C) dissociative disorders
D) anxiety disorders

Question 56

Which of the following is true regarding the mental disorder defence?

A) A large proportion of criminals escape criminal responsibility by using the mental disorder defence.
B) Most people who use the mental disorder defence are faking mental illness.
C) The determination of mental incapacity rests on the person's mental state at the time of the crime.
D) The defence only applies to involuntary commitment, not to crimes.

Question 57

The erroneous belief that many criminals are acquitted on the basis of the insanity verdict is most likely due to

A) the confirmation bias.
B) ad hoc immunizing hypothesis.
C) representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 58

Disorders listed in the DSM-5 tend to be __________ which means that each disorder is considered to be different from each other disorder.

A) categorical
B) dimensional
C) comorbid
D) valid

Question 59

Which of the following is a disorder that takes the form of a bodily ailment that has no physical cause?

A) Dissociative disorder
B) Somatic symptom disorder
C) Personality disorder
D) Schizophrenia

Question 60

The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 are based on a ________ approach.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) social and cultural
D) biopsychosocial

Question 61

Which type of phobia is the most debilitating of all phobias?

A) Social phobia
B) Arachnophobia
C) Agoraphobia
D) Hydrophobia

Question 62

What percentage of college and university students report at least one panic attack within a one-year period?

A) 5 to 10 percent
B) 15 to 20 percent
C) 20 to 25 percent
D) 35 to 40 percent

Question 63

Which of the following disorders is characterized by preoccupation with the idea of having a serious disease?

A) dissociative disorder.
B) illness anxiety disorder.
C) conversion disorder.
D) somatization disorder.

Question 64

When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original evaluation. What psychological disorder might Bob's behaviour indicate?

A) Dissociative disorder
B) Illness anxiety disorder
C) Conversion disorder
D) Schizophrenia

Question 65

Which type of anxiety disorder is the most common?

A) Panic disorder
B) Phobia
C) Posttraumatic stress disorder
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 66

Some scholars believe that ________________ may be the core anxiety disorder out of which all other anxiety disorders develop.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) panic disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 67

Which disorder is characterized by excessive worrying, about a wide range of topics, and is associated with tension and fatigue?

A) agoraphobia.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 68

Demetri is walking down the street and suddenly experiences a bout of intense fear, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, and a pounding heart. He goes to the emergency room and is told that his symptoms were "all in his head". This is the seventh time that Demetri has experienced these unexpected symptoms within the past few months. If Demetri were diagnosed with a psychological disorder based on these symptoms, what would it be?

A) panic disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 69

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) panic disorder.
D) a phobia.

Question 70

Most people with panic disorder also develop what other anxiety disorder?

A) Posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Agoraphobia
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 71

Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of developing Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A) being male
B) being female
C) being married
D) having a high income

Question 72

An anxiety disorder characterized by frequent panic attacks that affect the person's ability to function in day-to-day living is called

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) panic disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 73

Shelby spends much of her day worrying about things. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. Which of the following is most consistent with Shelby's experience?

A) agoraphobia
B) major depressive disorder
C) social anxiety disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 74

Most people with ____________ also develop agoraphobia.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) panic disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 75

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore; he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like

A) agoraphobia.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 76

Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme anxiety, with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating?

A) Obsession
B) Compulsion
C) Panic attack
D) Flashback

Question 77

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) a panic attack.
D) a flashback.

Question 78

In the past six months Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous vague physical symptoms, like everyday headaches and fatigue, and she is convinced that these are signs of a serious disorder like cancer. The physician has run a number of tests and has not found any evidence of a serious illness. If Shelly's health worries are the result of a mental disorder, which of the following is most likely?

A) Dissociative disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Illness anxiety disorder
D) Schizophrenia

Question 79

The symptoms of ________ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) a panic attack
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 80

A person who is preoccupied with every sensation of her body, worries excessively about getting ill, and continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with her is likely to be diagnosed with

A) somatoform disorder.
B) illness anxiety disorder.
C) personality disorder.
D) conversion disorder.