Question 1

The main conflict of the anal stage comes from&#10;A)the Oedipal complex.&#10;B)toilet training.&#10;C)sexual repression.&#10;D)weaning off the breast or bottle.

Accepted Answer

The anal stage occurs from ages 1 to 3, during which time children are toilet trained. This can be a source of conflict as children must learn to control their bodily functions and may experience shame or anxiety if they do not meet their caregivers' expectations. This can lead to issues with control, perfectionism, or rebelliousness later in life. The Oedipal complex, sexual repression, and weaning off the breast or bottle are associated with other stages of development.

Question 2

The practice of physiognomy,as well as that of phrenology,have been summarily discredited by modern scientific research.As it turns out,the bumps on a person's head and one's facial characteristics give virtually no information about their personality characteristics.This is an important reminder of the importance of the critical thinking principle of

A)falsifiability.
B)correlation versus causation.
C)extraordinary claims.
D)ruling out rival hypotheses.

falsifiability.

Accepted Answer

Physiognomy and phrenology were not falsifiable, meaning their claims could not be proven right or wrong through empirical evidence. This principle of critical thinking is important in distinguishing between scientific and pseudoscientific claims.

Question 3

Lena answered true to most of the questions that asked her about her participation in outdoor activities or social gatherings.When she received her results,she was amazed that the test had accurately described her extraverted personality.What may Lena be a victim of?

A)Self-validation
B)Confirmation bias
C)Personal validation
D)Projective accuracy

Personal validation

Accepted Answer

Lena may be experiencing the Forer effect, also known as personal validation, where individuals believe that vague and general personality descriptions accurately describe them. This effect often occurs in personality tests and horoscopes, leading people to feel that the descriptions match their personal experiences closely, even though the descriptions could apply to many people.

Question 4

The MMPI and MMPI-2 are personality tests that are designed to&#10;A)detect individual differences in personality patterns.&#10;B)detect symptoms of mental disorders.&#10;C)detect relationships between body types and personality patterns.&#10;D)detect differences in interpretation of ambiguous stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The MMPI and MMPI-2 are commonly used to detect symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. These tests are not intended to identify individual differences in personality patterns or relationships between body types and personality patterns. While the tests may involve interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, this is not their primary purpose.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?&#10;A)Conscientiousness&#10;B)Extraversion&#10;C)Openness to experience&#10;D)Sociability

Accepted Answer

The Big Five dimensions are Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. "Sociability" is not one of the dimensions.

Question 6

Many projective assessment tools have disputed levels of&#10;A)standardization.&#10;B)representativeness.&#10;C)subjectivity.&#10;D)validity.

Accepted Answer

Projective assessment tools are known for their subjective nature and often lack standardization. The validity of projective assessment tools is often contested, as they rely heavily on interpretation and are open to examiner bias. Therefore, choice D, validity, is the most appropriate option.

Question 7

Dylan believes that his hard work,rather than luck or chance,resulted in his promotion at work.Dylan probably has&#10;A)an external locus of control.&#10;B)self-delusions.&#10;C)an internal locus of control.&#10;D)an inferiority complex.

Accepted Answer

Dylan's belief that his hard work resulted in his promotion suggests that he perceives his efforts and actions as influencing the outcomes in his life. This is indicative of an internal locus of control, which refers to the extent to which individuals believe they are in control of their own lives and the outcomes that they experience. People with an internal locus of control tend to attribute their successes to their own efforts and abilities, whereas those with an external locus of control tend to attribute success to outside factors such as luck, chance, or powerful others. Self-delusions, an inferiority complex, and external locus of control are not supported by the information given.

Question 8

A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is that the humanists focus on&#10;A)the destructive side of human nature.&#10;B)free will.&#10;C)the scientific method.&#10;D)unconscious information processing.

Accepted Answer

The humanists believe in the concept of free will, which means that individuals have the power and ability to make choices and decisions for themselves. This is in contrast to the behaviorists, who believe that behavior is largely determined by external stimuli, and the psychodynamic theorists, who emphasize the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior. The humanists view individuals as capable of achieving personal growth and striving towards their full potential, rather than being limited by environmental or biological factors.

Question 9

Cailee and Rick's parents take them to church every week.What type of influence on personality is being exhibited?&#10;A)Genetic&#10;B)Nonshared environmental&#10;C)Shared environmental&#10;D)Sociological

Accepted Answer

Shared environmental factors refer to experiences that family members have in common, such as growing up in the same home or attending the same church. Cailee and Rick's parents taking them to church every week is an example of a shared environmental influence on their personalities.

Question 10

The neo-Freudian,Carl Jung,suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people,called _____.&#10;A)schemas&#10;B)archetypes&#10;C)prototypes&#10;D)instincts

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung proposed the existence of archetypes in the collective unconscious, which are universal symbols and patterns of behavior shared by all humans. The other options are not related to Jung's theory of the collective unconscious.

Deck 14: Personality