Question 1

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist,she becomes anxious and cries.Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit,her fear was a learned behavior.The UCS in this case was probably

A)the dentist's beard.
B)sweet toothpaste.
C)the pain associated with teeth cleaning.
D)the sound of the music in the dentist's waiting room.

Accepted Answer

The pain associated with teeth cleaning is the most likely UCS in this scenario as it is a natural and unavoidable aspect of the dental appointment. Claire likely learned to associate the dentist with pain, leading to her anxiety and tears during subsequent visits. The other options may have been present during Claire's first visit, but do not necessarily have a direct connection to the fear response.

Question 2

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement is called&#10;A)equipotentiality.&#10;B)instinctive drift.&#10;C)SALTT.&#10;D)discovery learning.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement, instead of continuing to engage in newly acquired behaviors. This can occur even in the presence of strong reinforcement for the newly learned behavior.

Question 3

Which of the following is reflective of Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion?&#10;A)Once a taste aversion has been conditioned,it is relatively easily to extinguish.&#10;B)Repeated pairings of the CS with the UCS are needed to produce a taste aversion.&#10;C)Contrary to most classically conditioned reactions,only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste aversion.&#10;D)If a taste aversion to mayonnaise has emerged,it is likely that an aversion to other creamy sauces will emerge.

Accepted Answer

Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion found that only one pairing of the CS (taste) with the UCS (nausea-inducing substance) was needed to produce a taste aversion, which is contrary to most classically conditioned reactions.

Question 4

You wake up at three o'clock in the morning,craving a glass of water.You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light.Your ability to successfully navigate her house in the dark is due to the presence of

A)a cognitive map.
B)vicarious learning.
C)insight learning.
D)sleep learning.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's physical environment. It allows individuals to navigate their surroundings without relying on external cues, such as lighting. This suggests that the ability to navigate one's home in the dark is due to the presence of a cognitive map. Vicarious learning, insight learning, and sleep learning are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 5

According to _____ theory,learning is controlled by the consequences of an organism's behavior.&#10;A)observational learning&#10;B)classical conditioning&#10;C)cognitive learning&#10;D)operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning theory proposes that learning occurs through the consequences of an organism's behavior, in which rewards or punishments shape the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Observational learning theory argues that learning occurs through watching and imitating others, while classical conditioning theory highlights the association between a neutral stimulus and a response. Cognitive learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as attention and memory, in shaping behavior.

Question 6

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____.&#10;A)operant conditioning&#10;B)classical conditioning&#10;C)effective based learning&#10;D)discovery learning

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that focuses on voluntary behavior, where an individual learns to associate a specific behavior with a consequence or reward. This type of learning involves trial-and-error and uses reinforcement or punishment to strengthen or weaken a behavior. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, focuses on involuntary behavior and involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a natural response. Effective based learning and discovery learning are also types of learning, but they do not specifically apply to voluntary behavior.

Question 7

A small chamber used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and,thus,increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur,is called a(n)_____ box.&#10;A)trial&#10;B)Skinner&#10;C)Thorndike&#10;D)operant

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "Skinner box," named after B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who developed it for experiments in operant conditioning. This device allows researchers to study behavior conditioning by teaching an animal to perform certain actions (like pressing a lever) in response to specific stimuli.

Question 8

Omar and Patrick sell magazine subscriptions by telephone.Omar is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes,while Patrick is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells.Omar is paid on a _____ _____ schedule while Patrick is paid on a _____schedule.

A)fixed ratio; variable ratio
B)fixed ratio; fixed interval
C)variable ratio; fixed ratio
D)fixed ratio; variable interval

Accepted Answer

Omar is paid on a fixed ratio schedule because he is paid a set amount for every 5 calls he makes, regardless of how many subscriptions he sells. Patrick is paid on a variable ratio schedule because his pay varies depending on how many subscriptions he sells.

Question 9

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome,he experimented with sounding the metronome but not presenting the meat powder to the dogs.Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome.This represents the process called _____.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

The process described in the scenario, i.e., the dogs stopping to salivate at the sound of the metronome when it was repeatedly sounded without presenting the meat powder, represents the process of extinction in classical conditioning.

Question 10

Which of the following represents the findings of David Premack?&#10;A)Disallowing a child to have ice cream because he/she did not eat his/her vegetables&#10;B)Allowing a child to have ice cream only if he/she eats his/her vegetables&#10;C)Allowing a child to have ice cream even if he/she does not eat their vegetables&#10;D)Allowing the child to have an extra ice cream cone if he/she dislikes the first cone

Accepted Answer

David Premack's findings, also known as the Premack principle or "Grandma's law," suggest that a high-probability behavior can reinforce a low-probability behavior. Therefore, allowing a child to have ice cream only if he/she eats his/her vegetables is an example of using a high-probability behavior (eating vegetables) to reinforce a low-probability behavior (eating ice cream). Option A is an example of punishment, not reinforcement. Option C is not using a high-probability behavior to reinforce a low-probability behavior. Option D is not related to the concept of the Premack principle.

Deck 6: Learning