Question 1

Which of the following is true concerning the treatment of phobias using classical conditioning?&#10;A)Persons fearful of flying will need to avoid flying as a way to reduce this fear.&#10;B)Persons fearful of flying will need to associate flying with something pleasurable to reduce this fear.&#10;C)Persons fearful of flying will first need to address the unresolved conflicts in their lives that are contributing to this phobia in order to eliminate the fear of flying.&#10;D)Persons fearful of flying will first need to address their childhood conflicts that are contributing this phobia in order to eliminate this fear of flying.

Accepted Answer

The most effective way to treat phobias using classical conditioning is to pair the feared object or situation with something pleasurable or positive (known as counterconditioning). In the case of phobia of flying, a therapist may expose the person to flying in a safe and controlled environment while incorporating relaxation techniques, positive affirmations, or other enjoyable activities to create positive associations with flying. Avoidance (choice A) only reinforces the fear, and addressing unresolved conflicts (choices C and D) may not necessarily eliminate the phobia.

Question 2

The situation of a student's final grade improving one letter grade for every three books read represents which schedule of reinforcement?&#10;A)Fixed interval&#10;B)Fixed ratio&#10;C)Variable interval&#10;D)Variable ratio

Accepted Answer

This represents a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, where reinforcement (improvement in grade) occurs after a set number of responses (books read). In this case, there is a one-to-three ratio between books read and improvement in grade.

Question 3

Concerning cognitive maps,which is likely true?&#10;A)Teens allowed to view a maze from 10 feet above before beginning will be just as capable of working their way through the maze,as compared to teens given a practice run through the maze before beginning.&#10;B)Teens allowed to view a maze from 10 feet above before beginning will be less capable of working their way through the maze,as compared to teens given a practice run through the maze before beginning.&#10;C)Forming a mental representation of the layout of the maze will likely confuse teens because they learn best by doing not thinking.&#10;D)The ability to form accurate mental representations of the layout of the maze will be difficult for teens,so the group viewing the maze before beginning will likely perform worse on this task.

Accepted Answer

Viewing the maze from above allows teens to form a cognitive map, which can be as effective as a practice run in navigating the maze.

Question 4

An animal trainer trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for circus.First,the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair.Next,the lion is given food if he raises one paw.Finally,the lion is given more food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example,the lion is being trained by

A)negative reinforcement.
B)generalization.
C)punishment.
D)shaping.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the process of teaching a behavior in small steps by rewarding each successive step until the whole behavior is mastered. In this example, the lion is being progressively trained to perform more complex behaviors (first sitting quietly, then raising one paw, and finally giving a high-five) by receiving food rewards. This is an example of shaping.

Question 5

Mitzi and her husband went out for a nice dinner,where Mitzi ordered a Diet Coke to go with her meal.When her drink was served,she took one sip and made a disgusted face."That's not Diet Coke," Mitzi said with an irritated look."That's a Diet Pepsi." Mitzi's ability to distinguish one soda from another demonstrates

A)stimulus overlap.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)higher-order stimulation.

Accepted Answer

Mitzi's ability to distinguish between Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi shows stimulus discrimination, which is the ability to differentiate between similar but distinct stimuli.

Question 6

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?&#10;A)K&#246;hler&#10;B)Tolman&#10;C)Seligman&#10;D)Bandura

Accepted Answer

Wolfgang Köhler is best known for his studies on insight, particularly his work with chimpanzees on problem-solving tasks that required insight.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?&#10;A)Giving a child candy for completing their homework&#10;B)Removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework&#10;C)Allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class&#10;D)Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus (in this case, candy) to increase the likelihood of a behavior (in this case, completing homework).

Question 8

Which theorist is responsible for suggesting that the distribution of phobias in the human population can be explained by biological preparedness?&#10;A)Breland&#10;B)Garcia&#10;C)Seligman&#10;D)Tolman

Accepted Answer

Seligman suggested that the distribution of phobias in the human population can be explained by biological preparedness, which refers to the idea that certain fears are more easily learned and more common because they have been adaptive for survival throughout human evolution.

Question 9

Thorndike's Law of Effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle?&#10;A)Positive reinforcement&#10;B)Punishment&#10;C)Premack principle&#10;D)Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. This is the basic principle underlying positive reinforcement, which involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about learning is true?&#10;A)Learning and maturation are related but different concepts.&#10;B)Learning does not involve changes in thinking.&#10;C)Learning does not involve changes in behavior.&#10;D)Learning can occur without having an experience.

Accepted Answer

Learning and maturation are related concepts but they are not the same thing. Maturation refers to the developmental changes that occur naturally, while learning involves acquiring new knowledge, skills, or behaviors through experiences. Option B and C are incorrect as learning involves changes in both thinking and behavior. Option D is also incorrect because learning always involves having an experience, whether it is direct or indirect.

Deck 6: Exsetntion: Learning