Deck 2: Power and Privilege

Question 1

When a person assumes all members of a group can be described and generalized by the same characteristics,she is relying on a

A) bias.
B) gender role.
C) stereotype.
D) fact.

Answer 1

stereotype.

Question 2

If privilege is about unearned entitlements,then

A) women should not expect equal wages for equal work.
B) Muslim women should have to work harder to prove themselves in the workplace.
C) social hierarchies are legitimate.
D) men should not have authority over women.

Answer 2

men should not have authority over women.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of scapegoating?

A) holding elected officials accountable for national policies
B) participating in the Women's March
C) blaming newly arrived immigrants for the U.S.economy
D) pointing out someone's privilege

Answer 3

blaming newly arrived immigrants for the U.S.economy

Question 4

Ghavami and Peplau (2013)asked American undergraduate students to list attributes of different groups of people based on race/ethnicity and gender,and then by race/gender pairings.The researchers found that within group descriptions differed by race/gender compared to descriptions based solely on one social identity (race or gender).Which of the following is an example of these findings?

A) Middle Eastern women were described differently from their male counterparts,and from Middle Eastern people in general.
B) The general categories of men/women were described differently.
C) All women were described similarly,regardless of race.
D) Some race groups were described the same regardless of gender,but differed from other groups.

Question 5

According to the text,the matrix of domination involves an overarching system of stratification in which each system of bias interconnects.In other words,

A) each system of bias (e.g. ,sexism or racism)must be addressed separately before addressing the next form of oppression.
B) racism is the root of all other oppressions,which gave rise to sexism and other forms of oppression.
C) each minority group must set their own agenda based on the needs of their communities.
D) sexism,racism,heterosexism (and other forms of oppression)are all connected,making it impossible to eradicate sexism without ending other interconnecting oppressions.

Question 6

Sarah recently gave birth to fraternal twins.When asked about their personalities,she described her daughter as friendly and emotionally expressive,and her son as assertive and competitive.These descriptions are

A) gender stereotypes about femininity and masculinity.
B) traits found cross-culturally in women and men.
C) traits all women and men exhibit.
D) inconsistent with early developmental personality expression.

Question 7

According to research on intersectionality,which of the following is an example of how one dimension of identity affects another?

A) A White Jewish woman is more likely to identify as Jewish than a White Jewish man.
B) An Afro-Latina woman is more likely to experience gendered-racism than a White woman.
C) A White man and a Latino man are both likely to identify as men.
D) A Chinese woman is more likely to identify as Asian than a Chinese man.

Question 8

Although more recent research on observations of behavior suggests that women and men are equally agentic and assertive,research assessing attitudes finds that agentic and communal traits are

A) accurate descriptions of men and women.
B) inclusive of other characteristics such as competency and ambition.
C) inclusive of intersecting social identities.
D) still considered to be fundamental aspects of masculinity and femininity.

Question 9

Sophie Cruz was the youngest person to address the audience gathered in Washington D.C.for the Women's March in January 2017;her message to the audience was about immigration reform.According to the text,why is immigration reform considered a feminist issue?

A) Sophie's age demonstrates feminism can occur at any age.
B) Immigration reform demonstrates a resurgence of feminist activism.
C) Immigration reform is among the many principles that unite women across social groups.
D) Sister marches that occurred outside the United States demonstrated unity among women,no matter the issue.

Question 10

Air France,Six Flags,and FedEx created policies banning people of color from wearing their hair natural or in dreadlocks to work.This policy mostly affected African American women,who filed lawsuits against the companies for privileging hairstyles worn by White women.The assumption that White women are examples of normative standards of professional dress is an example of

A) a power hierarchy.
B) unearned entitlements.
C) invisibility.
D) bias.

Question 11

Which of the following refers to things of value that,in an ideal world,should be provided to everyone,but aren't?

A) privilege
B) power hierarchies
C) unearned entitlements
D) the matrix of domination

Question 12

Conferred dominance is when ______________,whereas legitimizing myths _______________.

A) one group is assumed to have more authority than another group;justify social hierarchy
B) one group justifies social hierarchy;confer power onto a group
C) one group is considered prototypical;explain why the group is prototypical
D) a person checks their privilege;challenge unearned privilege

Question 13

Davenport (2016)examined whether socioeconomic status,religion,and gender would determine how three biracial subgroups of women and men (Latinx-White,Asian-White,and Black-White)would define their racial identity.The results indicated that socioeconomic status and religion predicted whether participants identified as White or as a racial minority.Davenport concluded that how people racially identify may be affected by other social categories (e.g. ,class,religion,gender).This is an example of

A) the matrix of domination.
B) privilege.
C) intersectionality.
D) invisibility.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of the term "check your privilege"?

A) Lisa,a White woman,acknowledges that sexism is not the only form of oppression experienced by women of color.
B) Bill,a working-class White man,perceives he has less power and privilege than Marquis,a middle-class Black man.
C) Christina,a middle-class Latina woman,speaks on behalf of working-class Latinx people.
D) Eduardo agrees to participate in the Women's March,but only if he has a leadership role.

Question 15

Social identity refers to

A) a person's sense of self as it relates to that individual's multiple affiliated social groups.
B) privilege that gives people unearned entitlements.
C) name shifting depending on social or professional situation.
D) how people are ranked in a social hierarchy.

Question 16

According to the ADDRESSING model of social identity,which of the following women is more likely to experience more power in the United States today?

A) Adiva,who is a Muslim woman
B) Lisa,who is a Christian woman
C) Anya,who is a Jewish woman
D) Kim,who is an atheist woman

Question 17

When a person says her social identity is her sense of self,what does she mean?

A) Her self-worth is based on how much she socializes.
B) She identifies only with people of her same gender.
C) She derives her identity from her affiliation with different social groups.
D) Her social identity is fixed,meaning no matter the situation,she always sees herself in the same way.

Question 18

Privilege is a term that describes ___________,and an example of privilege is ___________.

A) invisibility;the matrix of domination
B) unearned entitlements;conferred dominance
C) the matrix of domination;invisibility
D) conferred dominance;non-prototypicality

Question 19

Social identity refers to _________________,whereas social stratification considers _____.

A) power;social hierarchy
B) social hierarchy;power
C) group membership;social institutions
D) social group affiliation;social hierarchy

Question 20

Sexism is a bias based on the belief that men are superior to women,and it is

A) more difficult to see in today's society.
B) less difficult to see in today's society.
C) just as difficult to see in today's society as it was in the past.
D) neither more or less difficult to see in today's society because it no longer exists.

Question 21

Tyra is a Black woman who was recently told by a White man at a club to "shake her booty." She wanted to tell him he was out of line,but she was also worried she would be reprimanded by others for acting like an "angry Black woman." This is an example of

A) objectification of Black women.
B) microaggressions being difficult to address.
C) how women of color are highly sexualized.
D) Black women being aggressive.

Question 22

Dr.Leal is a Latina professor who is recognized as one of the best at her university.She provides extensive feedback on students' work,and spends hours preparing for each class.She also has a policy of not answering students' emails over the weekend and sets boundaries for when students can meet with her.Although her students do well in her class and go on to excel in subsequent college courses,her evaluations tend to be lower than her White male colleagues who spend less time with students.This is an example of

A) gender stereotyping.
B) violating gender norms.
C) social stratification.
D) the backlash effect.

Question 23

Mei is a Chinese American woman who people assume is shy and submissive,but also intelligent and working in a STEM field.In reality,Mei is an outgoing,assertive woman who is a public relations executive.She finds that people are often surprised by her personality and her line of work.These assumptions about Mei are examples of

A) racialized sexist stereotypes.
B) the backlash effect.
C) intersectionality.
D) privilege.

Question 24

When a person holds a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a social group,this is known as

A) discrimination.
B) bias.
C) sexism.
D) prejudice.

Question 25

Alexandra is Chicana,and is often asked,"Where are you from?" When she replies "Los Angeles," the rebuttal is often,"No,I mean where you really are from," implying she couldn't possibly have been born in America.This is an example of a

A) racist question.
B) sexist assumption.
C) racialized sexist question.
D) microaggression.

Question 26

If sexism no longer exists,then women who violate gender norms should not experience which of the following?

A) discrimination
B) gender norms
C) privilege
D) backlash effects

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of denial of personal discrimination?

A) Anne denies that her boss discriminates against women of color at her company.
B) Kathi states that she personally disagrees with discrimination.
C) Angie believes that if a woman experiences discrimination,it is her own fault.
D) Beth acknowledges sexism exists,but that she's never experienced it.

Question 28

Imagine you are a psychologist who is interested in examining how undergraduates view various groups of women.Which of the following women is most likely to be depicted as promiscuous or hypersexual?

A) Stephanie,who is a Native American woman.
B) Karen,who is a White woman.
C) Ashaki,who is a Middle-Eastern woman.
D) Le,who is an Asian woman.

Question 29

______________ sexism consists of negative beliefs about women,whereas ______________ sexism seems positive on the surface.

A) Ambivalent;benevolent
B) Benevolent;ambivalent
C) Hostile;benevolent
D) Ambivalent;hostile

Question 30

Although all groups of women are objectified in the media,being a member of the __________ group means sexualized images carry ______________ weight because there are various other representations of that group.

A) women of color;more
B) dominant group;less
C) subordinate;less
D) privileged;more

Question 31

Dr.Ruiz knows she is recognized as one of the best professors at her university and takes great pride in the quality of feedback she provides students.She also has a policy of not answering students' emails over the weekend and sets boundaries for when students can meet with her,so that she can attend to her health issues.Although she knows she provides excellent instruction to her students,she still feels guilty about not being available for her students 24/7.This is an example of

A) self-stereotyping.
B) the backlash effect.
C) gender norms.
D) discrimination.

Question 32

Dalia's male supervisor identifies as a feminist and is highly supportive of his daughter who is pursuing a PhD in physics.He explicitly denounces any form of discrimination and often forwards interesting articles about addressing sexism in the workplace.At the same time,he assures Dalia that the more complicated assignments are given to her male counterparts to protect her from experiencing too much stress at work.This would be considered a form of

A) a gender microaggression.
B) explicit bias.
C) denial of discrimination.
D) the backlash effect.

Question 33

Dr.Jackson recently taught a course on the psychology of women where half the class was women who identified as feminists,and the other half comprised of male college athletes.She expected lively debates,but instead found both groups to be reserved throughout each class meeting;the women deferred to the men during discussions,while the men complimented the women on their expertise about gender.After interviewing the students,she learned that the women were worried about being seen as too feminist,whereas the men were worried they'd be perceived as sexist.The students' ____________ of the other group influenced their _______________ in the classroom,making discussions less authentic because they were all doing gender.

A) expectations;interactions
B) interactions;expectations
C) biases;attitudes
D) discrimination;behavior

Question 34

The stereotype of the strong Black woman (SBW)is best described by which of the following traits?

A) angry and controlling
B) tough,self-sacrificing,and communal
C) being a single mother
D) loud and assertive

Question 35

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between explicit and implicit bias?

A) Valerie agrees with her wife that women and men both make good doctors,but her wife points out that Valerie will only see a male doctor.
B) Valerie disagrees with her wife that women and men can both be good doctors,and describes a negative experience she had with a female doctor.
C) Valerie decides it is just a coincidence that the last two years of doctor's visits have all been with male doctors.
D) Valerie agrees that men make better doctors,and chooses only male doctors to treat her and her family.

Question 36

The Broadway musical Miss Saigon is based on the Vietnam war and features a lead Asian female character,Kim,who is depicted as passive and a victim.This is an example of which of the following?

A) how theater fails to capture the complexity of Asian women
B) heteronormative depictions of Asian women
C) a gender stereotype consistent across cultures
D) the racialized sexist china doll stereotype

Question 37

Which of the following forms of gender bias is difficult to document because it is communicated or enacted in a subtle or indirect way?

A) implicit bias
B) discrimination
C) modern sexism
D) prejudice

Question 38

Why is denial of discrimination a problem?

A) It justifies not addressing gender inequalities and blames women for their lack of equality.
B) It denies reverse sexism and the issues men face in the workplace.
C) It fails to consider intersectionality.
D) It denies that women have it easier than men in the workplace.

Question 39

Unfair treatment of someone from a less powerful social group is referred to as

A) discrimination.
B) sexism.
C) bias.
D) prejudice.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of how implicit bias can affect perceptions and/or behaviors?

A) Celina says she is only attracted to White women.
B) Raquel unconsciously clutches her purse every time a Black man walks by.
C) Dalia states to her colleagues that Asian people make the best scientists.
D) Amy judges women who are not stay-at-home mothers.

Question 41

As she led a meeting at work,Erika often checked in with new colleagues by asking,"Is it okay to move onto the next topic?" and for their approval about certain topics such as,"The luncheons we have on Fridays are an informal way to get to know each other and conduct business,right?" Some research demonstrates that women use these speech patterns to increase connection between themselves and others.Erica's speech pattern is an example of

A) tentative speech.
B) the theory of communicator status.
C) policing women's language.
D) code switching.

Question 42

In a committee meeting on how to best serve Latinx students at their university,Dr.Gutierrez suggested a training she'd attended on best practices,but her colleagues failed to acknowledge her suggestion and kept brainstorming.Fifteen minutes later,Dr.Smith suggested the same workshop,which prompted the committee to agree to attend the workshop.Ignoring the female professor and believing the male professor is an example of which of the following?

A) using degrading language
B) linguistic bias
C) the theory of communicator status
D) confirmation bias

Question 43

Women tend to smile more than men.Women are also often told to smile when they seem sullen or angry.This indicates women's _______status and men's ___________status,with women feeling obligated to smile,and men feeling entitled to tell women to smile.

A) lower;higher
B) higher;lower
C) equal;lower
D) feminist;anti-feminist

Question 44

Referring to all police officers as "policemen" is an example of

A) a generic word person.
B) the animal = male bias.
C) the people = male bias.
D) a gender-neutral pronoun.

Question 45

Benevolent sexism is ________ viewed as sexist,even though research demonstrates that there are ______________ outcomes for women who experience it.

A) always;positive
B) sometimes;mixed
C) rarely;positive
D) rarely;negative

Question 46

If the belief that women should be cherished and protected resulted in positive outcomes for women,researchers would not find positive correlations between _____ sexism and __________.

A) benevolent;efforts to pass legislation that limit women's civil rights
B) benevolent;access to healthcare
C) hostile;lower wages
D) hostile;reproductive justice

Question 47

Women who use their surname in professional settings but their spouse's name in personal settings are considered to be which of the following?

A) feminists
B) highly educated
C) name shifting
D) likely to be women of color

Question 48

Out of 10 law firm partners,Vicki is the only female partner.Colleagues often gossip about how she earned her position,with some assuming she "slept her way to top." This is an example of _____ sexism.

A) hostile
B) benevolent
C) ambivalent
D) explicit

Question 49

Imagine you are attending a hearing held in Washington,DC.You pay close attention to the lively discussion about reproductive justice and notice the U.S.Supreme Court justices often interrupt each other during their debate.Based on documented research,who is more likely to interrupt whom?

A) Male justices are more likely to interrupt female justices.
B) Female justices are more likely to interrupt other female justices.
C) Female justices are more likely to interrupt male justices.
D) White justices are more likely to interrupt justices of color.

Question 50

If manspreading,a sitting style characterized by spreading the legs wide into a V-shaped slouch,did not indicate higher male status,then

A) women would continue to sit with their legs crossed.
B) women would understand the discomfort men experience when sitting with closed legs.
C) women and men would manspread in equal numbers.
D) men would begin crossing their legs in class.

Question 51

Trisha has been working at the same company for five years and has never gotten a raise in pay.She receives conflicting advice for how she should ask for an increase in her pay;some of her mentors say she should be direct and ask exactly for how much she wants,while others suggest she should ask nicely if there is room in the budget for a raise.She's worried that the first strategy may be perceived as entitled and aggressive,whereas the second strategy may be easily dismissed.This is an example of

A) a double bind.
B) the gender pay gap.
C) tentative speech pattern.
D) a feminist linguistic trick.

Question 52

Paternalistic chivalry refers to the idea that women should be _________________,but only if they _________________.

A) protected and cherished;conform to traditional gender roles
B) traditionally feminine;want to be protected by men
C) treated equally to men;earn their equality
D) submissive;believe in traditional values

Question 53

People of high status are more likely to show non-verbal cues of __________________ (e.g. ,texting during a meeting),and less likely to show non-verbal cues of ________________ (e.g. ,nodding).

A) engagement;disengagement
B) disengagement;engagement
C) boredom;agreement
D) status;agreement

Question 54

Language that aims to use more inclusive gender terms and seeks to reduce stereotypes is known as

A) unmarked words.
B) gender-fair language.
C) gender-neutral pronouns.
D) generic person language.

Question 55

In a committee meeting on how to best serve Latinx students at their university,Dr.Gutierrez suggested a training she'd attended on best practices for recruiting,retaining,and graduating Latinx students.Fifteen minutes later,Dr.Patel shared he had reviewed websites of other universities who had large Latinx student populations and felt the website practices could be easily replicated.According to research,who would be viewed as more competent for deciding how to serve their Latinx students?

A) both Dr.Patel and Dr.Gutierrez because they are people of color
B) Dr.Gutierrez,because she is Latina
C) the workshop facilitators
D) Dr.Patel because he is male

Question 56

Research demonstrates that women who deviate from traditional gender-typical behaviors are often referred to as animal-related terms (e.g. ,"bitch").This is an example of

A) degrading language.
B) gender-neutral pronouns.
C) male bias.
D) a generic person pronoun.

Question 57

A two-word expression in which the word order is fixed,such as "pros and cons," is known as a(n)

A) gender-neutral pronoun.
B) binomial pair.
C) generic word person.
D) unmarked word.

Question 58

Scott adores his mother who was a stay-at-home mother and was married to his father for 50 years.He places her on a pedestal,often telling others that she is the family's moral compass.Scott also contributes money to organizations which lobby against reproductive justice,and believes mothers who work are selfish.Scott's attitudes toward women is an example of _____ sexism.

A) explicit
B) hostile
C) benevolent
D) ambivalent

Question 59

Terms like lawyer,doctor,or professor are assumed to be male and are an example of

A) unmarked words.
B) gender-fair language.
C) gender-biased language.
D) binomial pair.

Question 60

Alternatives to cisgender binary use of pronouns include they,ze,and xe,which are examples of

A) gender-neutral pronouns.
B) unmarked words.
C) the people = male bias.
D) generic word person.

Question 61

Explain why examining women's experiences through only a gender lens is insufficient for understanding the lives of all women.In other words,explain why it is important to take an intersectional perspective when studying the psychology of women and gender.Provide an example of how two women with the same race but different sexual orientations may have different lived experiences and/or have experienced different forms of bias.

Question 62

Define the backlash effect and provide one example of when a woman might experience it.

Question 63

Define selective incivility and provide one example.

Question 64

Explain the role of legitimizing myths in maintaining systems of oppression.

Question 65

Define social identity and explain why it is important for understanding ourselves.List at least three social groups with which a person might identify.

Question 66

Describe the theory of communicator status and explain why it is problematic for gender relations.Provide one example of when this may happen.

Question 67

Define denial of personal discrimination and explain why a woman might deny personal discrimination.How does this contribute to the status quo?

Question 68

Define the matrix of domination and provide at least three examples of oppressive systems.Based on this concept,explain why it is impossible to address only one oppressive system at a time.Then,explain how the three systems are connected.

Question 69

Define gender-fair language and explain why it is important.Provide an example of such language.

Question 70

Explain how racialized sexist stereotypes are different from gender stereotypes.Provide one example of each.