Deck 3: Social Learning and Culture

Question 1

Research in child development suggests that the authoritarian parenting style is associated with

A) Higher levels of children's moral development
B) Lower levels of children's self-esteem
C) Higher levels of children's achievement
D) Higher levels of psychotic behavior and mental illness

Answer 1

Lower levels of children's self-esteem

Question 2

All of the following are true of Mischel' s cognitive/social-learning/person variables except that they

A) Pertain to particular situations
B) Involve individual differences in processing information about the world
C) Refer to broad tendencies that are consistent over time
D) Refer to how a person consciously interprets events

Answer 2

Refer to broad tendencies that are consistent over time

Question 3

All behaviorist approaches to psychology show a very high regard for all of the following except

A) Objectivity in observation
B) Hypothetical constructs
C) Experimental rigor
D) The role of learning in behavior

Answer 3

Hypothetical constructs

Question 4

Which of the following component processes in observational learning is involved in the encoding and remembering of a model's behavior?

A) Reproduction
B) Motivation
C) Retention
D) Attention

Question 5

According to Stewart and Healy's theory of the influence of historical events on personality development, major societal events

A) Fundamental expectations about how the world works
B) Life choices and identity goals
C) Defense mechanisms for coping with stress
D) Political and religious value systems
E)g. wars, political movements, economic depressions) experienced in childhood are most likely to shape

Question 6

A good example of a conditioned generalized reinforcer is

A) Physical affection
B) Food
C) Money
D) Intellectual stimulation

Question 7

People who score high on Bicultural Identity Integration tend to see themselves as

A) Conflicted about the two cultural identities in their lives
B) Able to alternate between two different identities
C) Able to combine their two cultural identities into one coherent identity
D) Committed to one of their two cultural identities and dismissive of the other

Question 8

Studies examining programs designed to increase self-efficacy in response to threat and stress show that the body's immune function first begins to improve

A) When people try to build up self-efficacy in the face of threat
B) After increases of self-efficacy have been shown to occur
C) Only after increases in self-efficacy have been sustained for two months
D) A year after participants first attempt to increase their self-efficacy

Question 9

In higher-order conditioning

A) A conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus
B) Conditioned stimuli become associated with other conditioned stimuli
C) Conditioned stimuli become associated with corresponding mental acts
D) New conditioned stimuli replace old conditioned stimuli by virtue of their association with unconditioned stimuli

Question 10

The behaviorist concept of classical conditioning has its philosophical roots in

A) Plato's theory of the ideal forms
B) German idealism
C) Modern analytical philosophy
D) British associationism

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of operant conditioning?

A) It involves punishment and rewards for behavior
B) Behavior is modified by its consequences
C) Behavior is elicited by stimuli
D) Reinforcement increases the frequency of responding

Question 12

In Bandura's social-learning theory, self-efficacy is a person's belief that

A) He or she can accomplish a task
B) He or she will be rewarded for accomplishing a task
C) Accomplishing a task will lead to positive results
D) Accomplishing a task will lead to advancement of the self

Question 13

John Locke's doctrine of tabula rasa suggests that

A) At birth the mind is a blank slate
B) Human beings organize experience through innate cognitive categories
C) Rewards and punishments are the main determinants of behavior and thought
D) Development occurs in stages

Question 14

In Rotter's social-learning theory, behavioral potential is a function of

A) Rewards and punishments
B) Traits and motives
C) Learning and social relationships
D) Expectancies and values

Question 15

In Walden Two, B. F. Skinner's utopian society is built on the basic principles of

A) Classical conditioning
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Positive punishment

Question 16

According to Bandura,

A) Reinforcement promotes learning but observation promotes performance
B) Reinforcement promotes performance but observation promotes learning
C) Reinforcement and observation promote learning but neither promotes performance
D) Reinforcement and observation promote performance but neither promotes learning

Question 17

In Mischel's social-learning theory, which of the cognitive/social-learning/person variables refers to a person's self-imposed goals and standards?

A) Competencies
B) Encoding strategies
C) Subjective values
D) Systems and plans

Question 18

Partial reinforcement PR) differs from continuous reinforcement CR) in that

A) CR makes for faster learning and PR makes for slower extinction
B) PR makes for faster learning and CR makes for slower extinction
C) CR makes for slower learning and PR makes for faster extinction
D) None of the above

Question 19

In contrast to interdependent self-construals, independent self-construals tend to define the self as

A) Separate from social context
B) Connected within a social context
C) More likely to change and develop over time
D) Promoting the autonomy of others

Question 20

The influence of the ancient philosophy of Epicurus on the development of behaviorism in the 20th century can be seen in behaviorism's assumption that human beings are ultimately motivated by

A) Desires to understand the world
B) Instincts concerning sexuality and aggression
C) Desires to avoid pain and obtain pleasure
D) Strong tendencies toward gregariousness

Question 21

Societies that exhibit cultural modernity tend to

A) Be authoritarian
B) De-emphasize self-complexity
C) Emphasize self-progress and self improvement
D) View the self as remaining unchanged over time

Question 22

Contemporary thinking regarding cultural influences on personality suggests that

A) Individual behavior corresponds in a coherent manner to cultural rules
B) Culture is a consistent subset of expectations and rules that produce modal personalities
C) Individuals selectively choose, contest, and adapt to different and sometimes conflicting elements in their culture
D) Culture is more a product of a person's personality than the surrounding environment

Question 23

In collectivist cultures in which the self is seen as interdependent, people tend to value highly

A) The ability to express the self's uniqueness
B) Finding truth within
C) The search for close relationships
D) The ability to maintain harmony in a social context

Question 24

Which of the following is not a distinct quality involving Bowman's concept of African-American adaptive cultural resources?

A) African-American families tend to incorporate extended kin networks more than Caucasian families
B) Black men and black women assume flexible agentic and communal family roles more than Caucasian families
C) African-Americans want different types of successes and fulfillment for their families than Caucasian families
D) Religion and spirituality serve as catalysts for social change in black families vs. white families

Question 25

In thinking about gender differences in terms of power and hegemony, the reason for women's developing interpersonal skills and adopting more communal orientations than men is because

A) Women feel more comfortable than men in groups
B) Developing interpersonal skills helps women exert what little power they do have in order to survive in patriarchal society
C) Women are genetically predisposed to having better interpersonal skills, enabling them to work more effectively in groups than men
D) Men are not as agentic as women, therefore women are better at communal tasks

Question 26

Compared to urban Westerners, members of a rural Indian village are more likely to explain people's behavior in terms of

A) Internal traits
B) Religious values
C) Social forces
D) Luck

Question 27

In a study of American, Japanese, and Polish men, Kohn found that lower conformity, lower anxiety, and higher trust levels were characteristic of

A) Higher social class occupations vs. lower social class occupations
B) Lower social class occupations vs. higher social class occupations
C) Middle class occupations only
D) All social class occupations

Question 28

Which of the following parenting styles combines high acceptance and low demands?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Neglecting

Question 29

Which of the following statements is not true about collectivist cultures?

A) They encourage concern for the welfare of all people
B) Group goals take precedent over the goals of the individual
C) Obligations to family are more important than obligations to self
D) Assuming one's proper place in a hierarchy is strongly emphasized

Question 30

Which of the following general parenting styles involves high demands for responsible behavior in children as well as high responsiveness to children's points of view?

A) Authoritative
B) Aurthoritarian
C) Indulgent-permissive
D) Neglecting

Question 31

In individualistic cultures wherein the self is viewed as independent, strong emphasis is usually placed on

A) Physical appearance and beauty
B) Acting in accord with inner convictions
C) Conforming to group norms
D) Rebelling against authority

Question 32

Which of the following has not been identified as a principal component of African-American culture?

A) An American mainstream component, espousing such values as individualism and materialism
B) An emerging majority sense component suggesting expectations of eventual triumph vis-a-vis other groups
C) A minority sense component shared with other disadvantaged minorities in American society
D) A unique blackness component incorporating concepts of "soul" and "style"

Question 33

The social ecology of human action refers to

A) The balance between behavior and the environment
B) The overlapping environmental contexts within which behavior is embedded
C) The balancing of conflicting social forces in a given environment
D) The influence of the immediate interpersonal situation upon the person's behavior

Question 34

Among middle-class American and Italian families, Kohn's research found that

A) Lower social class parents emphasize self-direction with their children more than higher social class parents
B) Higher social class parents stress obedience to authority with their children more than lower social class parents
C) Higher social class parents emphasize self-direction with their children more than lower social class parents
D) There is no difference in parental values of obedience to authority and self-direction between higher social class parents and lower social class parents

Question 35

Which of the following statements is not true about individualistic cultures?

A) Personal goals take precedent over group goals
B) Social life tends to resemble a marketplace in which people exchange material and emotional resources
C) The individual self is encouraged to be an autonomous and agent
D) People tend to downplay the importance of love and friendship

Question 36

Compared to women, men tend to show higher levels of heroism as measured by

A) Awards for outstanding bravery
B) Organ donations
C) Volunteering for organizations such as Doctors for the World
D) All of the above

Question 37

Internal locus of control has been positively associated with all of the following except

A) Less compliance and conformity
B) Higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness
C) Greater perceived competence
D) Lessened susceptibility to hypertension and heart attack

Question 38

According to Eagly and Johnson's research on gender roles, women tend to exhibit which style in a leadership role?

A) Task-oriented and authoritarian
B) Democratic and participatory
C) Helping behavior in short-term interactions with strangers
D) Less sensitivity than men to nonverbal cues in social interaction

Question 39

Kashima's gender differences research across five cultures indicates that

A) Men strive more for autonomy than women, regardless of culture
B) Women reported greater levels of empathy than men, regardless of culture
C) Men reflect American agentic values
D) Women are characterized by Asian collectivistic values

Question 40

Extraverted people tend to interpret and evaluate situations in terms of

A) The pleasantness of the situation and opportunity for interpersonal reward
B) The interpersonal threats posed by the situation
C) The extent to which the situation affords opportunities for dominance
D) The situation's inherent complexity and level of challenge