Deck 8: Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality

Question 1

In Cantor and Kihlstrom's view of social intelligence, the rules, competencies, and strategies for understanding social events-including causal attributions-make up

A) Declarative-semantic knowledge
B) Declarative-episodic knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Person memory

Answer 1

Procedural knowledge

Question 2

In Kelly's theory, the fact that some constructs are more permeable than others is an example of the

A) Sociality corollary
B) Individuality corollary
C) Fundamental postulate
D) Modulation corollary

Answer 2

Modulation corollary

Question 3

Which of the following measures is used to assess personal constructs?

A) The Personal Orientation Inventory
B) The Alienation Test
C) The Rep test
D) The MMPI

Answer 3

The Rep test

Question 4

In the United States, involvement in a religious tradition is associated with

A) Higher levels of mental health
B) Lower levels of mental health
C) Higher levels of intelligence
D) Lower levels of prejudice against outgroups

Question 5

Which of the following is not characteristic of personal constructs, according to Kelly?

A) They are bipolar
B) They are categories for making distinctions and discerning similarities
C) They work to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
D) They are arranged in hierarchies

Question 6

In Kelly's theory of personal constructs, the fundamental motive in human living is the

A) Striving for self-actualization
B) Desire to predict and control the environment
C) Drive toward person-environment equilibrium
D) Full expression of all emotions

Question 7

In Cantor and Kihlstrom's view of social intelligence, the abstract and categorical information that the person has gleaned over time concerning various social events and phenomena, including scripts and self-conceptions, makes up

A) Declarative-semantic knowledge
B) Declarative-episodic knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Person memory

Question 8

A schema does all of the following except

A) Make information more complex
B) Screen out irrelevant information
C) Fill in gaps when information is missing
D) Convert information into a particular format

Question 9

Which of the following is not characteristic of depressed people?

A) They recall unpleasant memories more rapidly than do nondepressed people
B) Their perceptions of reality are less accurate than those of nondepressed people
C) They recall more different kinds of negative events than do nondepressed people
D) Their memory of stories emphasizes negative themes

Question 10

People process information that is relevant to their own self-schemata in ways.

A) Idiosyncratic
B) Inaccurate
C) Overly cautious
D) Highly efficient

Question 11

Attributional approaches to depression suggest that the depressed person tends to attribute cause to internal, stable, and global factors when explaining

A) Personal failures
B) Personal successes
C) Other people's failures
D) Other people's successes

Question 12

A personal construct with a wide range of convenience

A) Can be employed to interpret many different kinds of events
B) Is one that many different people find easy to use
C) Enables a person to make especially broad statements about the meaning of events
D) Is preferable to one with a narrow range of convenience

Question 13

According to Kelly, when a person is confronted with events that lie outside the range of convenience of his or her construct system, he or she may experience

A) Guilt
B) Anxiety
C) Sadness
D) Excitement

Question 14

Self-schemata differ from schemata of other sorts in all of the following ways except that they are

A) Loaded with emotion
B) Larger and more complex
C) More objective and accurate
D) More often activated in daily life

Question 15

People who hold "entity theories" as opposed to "incremental theories") about their love relationships tend to believe that

A) Their love relationships were "meant to be"
B) Problems and conflicts in their love relationships will be difficult to fix
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 16

A self-schema emerges in a person's life when he or she begins to

A) Feel personally responsible for behavior in a particular domain
B) Comprehend what the main life tasks should be for his or her life
C) Experience doubt and conflict concerning future goals
D) Experience self-awareness

Question 17

When imagining one's lost possible self "what might have been"), feeling a sense of closure regarding the past and investing in current goals is associated with

A) Higher levels of happiness
B) Higher levels of psychological maturity
C) Better physical health
D) All of the above

Question 18

When imagining one's lost possible self "what might have been"), exploring the painful and vivid details of what has been lost is associated with

A) Lower levels of happiness
B) Higher levels of psychological maturity
C) Worse physical health
D) All of the above

Question 19

According to Cantor and Kihlstrom's view of social intelligence, intelligent action is

A) Reflexive
B) Stereotypic
C) Flexible
D) Indiscriminate

Question 20

Adherents to strict, fundamentalist forms of religion tend to show all of the following except

A) Emotion-focused coping strategies
B) Distrust of people with dissimilar religious views
C) Optimism
D) Marital satisfaction

Question 21

According to Higgins's research on self-discrepancy, discrepancies between the actual and ought selves lead to the experience of

A) Fear, anxiety, guilt
B) Sadness, shame, disappointment
C) Excitement, interest, focusing
D) Anger, aggression, denial

Question 22

Which of the following is not true of "possible selves?"

A) They are vague characterizations of what might be
B) They organize motivation and cognition
C) They include what I want to be and what I fear being
D) They are highly personalized

Question 23

Responses on the Adult Attachment Interview indicating secure/autonomous attachments are characterized as

A) Stories of strong positive feelings about the past
B) Highly coherent narratives of parental relations
C) Adventure stories with a strong and independent protagonist
D) Stories of strong dependence on other people

Question 24

Which of the following generalizations about cognitive style is not true?

A) Women are more field-dependent than men
B) Children are more field-dependent than adults
C) Migratory tribes are more field-dependent than agricultural societies
D) Field dependence-independence is unrelated to academic achievement

Question 25

When faced with danger, individuals with anxious/ambivalent attachment styles tend to engage in

A) Hyperactivating strategies
B) Deactivating strategies
C) Secure based behaviors
D) Safe haven behaviors

Question 26

Relational schemas are

A) Internalized models of important interpersonal relationships
B) Bipolar constructs regarding good vs. bad people in one's life
C) Rules about how to interact with others in social groups
D) Sex-role stereotypes that are primed in situations in which gender norms are ambiguous

Question 27

People who hold entity-based theories of personal abilities may find it especially difficult to adjust to

A) Academic failure
B) Unexpected successes in life
C) Interpersonal frustrations
D) Experiences of cognitive transformation

Question 28

According to the research by Carol Dweck on implicit personality theories, individuals who hold an incremental theory about personal attributes

A) Believe that personal attributes are fixed qualities in people
B) Believe that personal attributes gradually deteriorate over time
C) Believe that personal attributes are malleable and can change with changing circumstances
D) Find negative feedback on performance to be especially depressing

Question 29

What is the main goal of the "positive psychology movement"?

A) To promote the value of psychology to the public
B) To find positive cures for personality disorders and shortcomings
C) To understand the development of human virtues and character strengths
D) To transform psychology into an exact science, in keeping with the philosophy of logical positivism

Question 30

Why do securely attached individuals show more compassion for others?

A) Because they identify with their attachment objects
B) Because they feel a closer connection to other people
C) Because they have a firmer sense of conscience
D) Because they need to prove themselves worthy of their attachment objects

Question 31

Research suggests that having a grateful attitude about life tends to predict

A) Greater levels of prosocial behavior
B) Higher levels of guilt and shame
C) A stronger conscience
D) Higher expectations for reciprocity in interpersonal relationships

Question 32

Field dependence is associated with all of the following except

A) Greater interpersonal sensitivity
B) Preference for solitary play in childhood
C) Tendency to rely on other people for guidance
D) Careers in humanitarian and social-welfare areas

Question 33

During times of war, integrative complexity scores from literary correspondence tend to

A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Fluctuate up and down
D) Remain stable

Question 34

Analyses of campaign speeches show that political candidates exhibit _______ integrative complexity when campaigning and integrative complexity
Once they have gained office

A) Low, high
B) High, low
C) High, high
D) Low, low

Question 35

A field-independent cognitive style is

A) Contextual
B) Global
C) Analytical
D) Systemic

Question 36

In studies of attachment style in adulthood, what percentage of respondents typically show a secure attachment style?

A) 30%
B) 45%
C) 60%
D) 85%

Question 37

Parents who show the pattern of dismissive attachment on the Adult Attachment Interview tend to have children who show what kind of attachment?

A) Secure
B) Avoidant
C) Resistant
D) Disorganized

Question 38

Field independence is associated with all of the following except

A) Experiences of shame rather than guilt
B) Better cognitive restructuring
C) Hypothesis-testing approach to complex problems
D) Negative descriptions of other people

Question 39

Why do politically moderate-to-liberal politicians show more differentiation and integration in their political rhetoric, according to Tetlock's work on integrative complexity?

A) Because they are committed to the value of freedom
B) Because they are committed to the value of equality
C) Because they are committed to both freedom and equality
D) Because they are not committed to either value

Question 40

According to Higgins's research on self-discrepancy, discrepancies between the actual and ideal selves lead to the experience of

A) Fear, anxiety, guilt
B) Sadness, shame, disappointment
C) Excitement, interest, focusing
D) Anger, aggression, denial