Deck 9: Energy Balance and Body Weight Regulation

Question 1

The hypothalamus is the region of the brain that regulates hunger and satiety.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Total energy expenditure represents

A) the amount of energy expenditure needed to balance the amount of energy consumed.
B) the sum of all energy used by the body.
C) the sum of all physical activity performed over time.
D) the sum of energy used to keep the heart beating and nerves functioning.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Adipokines are hormones produced by adipocytes that

A) initiate adipocyte hypertrophy.
B) initiate adipocyte hyperplasia.
C) control visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue.
D) communicate with other tissues to help regulate energy balance.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During pregnancy, a period of rapid growth and development, one would desire a

A) low energy intake.
B) low energy expenditure.
C) positive energy balance.
D) negative energy balance.

Question 5

People tend to consume the amount of food they require based on energy needs even when they are presented with more food than needed.

Question 6

Hypertrophic growth of adipose tissue describes the process of

A) formation of new adipocytes.
B) adipocytes accumulating triglycerides so that their size increases.
C) degradation of triglycerides within adipocytes.

Question 7

Obesity increases one's risk of developing type 2 diabetes, stroke, and heart disease.

Question 8

Overweight and obese people can be physically fit.

Question 9

Activities such as fidgeting and sitting up straight do not contribute to one's total energy expenditure (TEE).

Question 10

As a rule, total body fat exists

A) mainly in the lower portion of the body (thighs, hips, buttocks).
B) as a layer of fat beneath the skin.
C) as visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue.
D) around the organs in the torso.

Question 11

Hunger describes a(n) _____ drive to consume food, whereas appetite describes a _____ desire for food.

A) constant, temporary
B) emotional, intellectual
C) physiological, psychological
D) psychological, physiological

Question 12

When a person loses weight, changes in body fat include

A) a return to normal size of the previously enlarged adipocytes.
B) a reduction in number of adipocytes.
C) the generation of new adipocytes to replace the previously enlarged cells.
D) the selective removal of enlarged adipocytes with replacement by new cells.

Question 13

The most successful weight-loss strategy is to combine a reduction in energy intake with an increase in daily physical activity.

Question 14

A waist circumference of 40 inches or greater in men or 35 inches or greater in women indicates an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Question 15

In response to changes in body fat mass, the brain signals changes in food intake but not energy expenditure.

Question 16

Central obesity is best described as

A) the predominant accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue around the torso.
B) the predominant accumulation of visceral adipose tissue within the torso.
C) the classic "pear shape" of adipose tissue distribution.
D) the accumulation of adipose tissue around the brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 17

Visceral adipose tissue located in the abdomen poses no risk for health problems.

Question 18

Gastric bypass surgery entails

A) placing a band around the stomach.
B) diminishing the size of the stomach and bypassing a segment of the small intestine.
C) bypassing the entire stomach by re-routing food directly into the small intestine.
D) placing a tube for liquid food delivery directly into the small intestine.

Question 19

An example of a physiological phenomenon initiating events that lead to a satiety signal in the brain is

A) gastric stretching, which facilitates hormone release in the small intestine, thereby signaling satiety.
B) gastric stretching, which causes blood glucose levels to rise and thereby signals satiety.
C) gastric stretching, which elicits ghrelin secretion and signals satiety.
D) gastric stretching, which signals satiety.

Question 20

If you are not attempting to gain or lose weight, you should strive to be in positive energy balance.

Question 21

When someone attempts to lose weight by decreasing caloric intake while at the same time increasing physical activity, that person is trying to be in a state of

A) negative energy balance.
B) positive energy balance.
C) neutral energy balance.

Question 22

Physical fitness can reduce blood pressure, lower blood glucose levels, and lower blood lipid levels in

A) healthy-weight individuals.
B) overweight individuals.
C) obese individuals.
D) All of the above

Question 23

Total energy expenditure is composed of all of the following components except:

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) physical activity.
C) energy losses through excretion.
D) thermic effect of food.

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding ghrelin is not true?

A) Ghrelin is referred to as the hunger hormone.
B) Ghrelin is released by cells in the stomach just after a meal.
C) Blood levels of ghrelin decrease following a meal.
D) If someone overproduced ghrelin, that person would not always experience a feeling of satiety after a meal.

Question 25

Measuring waist circumference will assist in determining

A) the total fat content of the body.
B) the risk of developing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
C) the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
D) the distribution of muscle and fat in the body.

Question 26

Adaptive thermogenesis and nonexercise activity thermogenesis are

A) components of total energy expenditure.
B) different names for the same energy expenditure.
C) components of basal metabolism.
D) heat-generating activities that improve or maintain physical fitness.

Question 27

Gastric stretching, circulating nutrient levels, and ghrelin all participate in

A) inhibition of food intake.
B) stimulation of food intake.
C) long-term regulation of food intake.
D) short-term regulation of food intake.

Question 28

How does leptin participate in body weight regulation?

A) Leptin directly instructs adipose tissue to undergo hypertrophic growth during times of high energy intake.
B) Leptin signals the release of neurotransmitters that promote satiety and energy expenditure.
C) Increased leptin levels result in positive energy balance.
D) Leptin directly instructs muscle tissue to expend less energy.

Question 29

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy expended per hour in order to carry out basic functions such as breathing and beating of the heart. The BMR makes up approximately _____ percent of the TEE.

A) 20-40
B) 30-50
C) 50-70
D) 70-90

Question 30

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults engage in at least _____ of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity.

A) 15 days per month
B) 4 days per week
C) 150 minutes per week
D) 60 minutes per day

Question 31

Factors that contribute to the likelihood of becoming obese include

A) large portion sizes.
B) consumption of energy-dense foods, such as most fast foods.
C) a sedentary lifestyle.
D) genetics.
E) All of the above

Question 32

The method of assessing body composition considered to be the "gold standard" is

A) underwater weighing.
B) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
C) bioelectrical impedance.
D) skinfold thickness.

Question 33

Leptin is a satiety-inducing hormone produced by the _____.

A) hypothalamus
B) pancreas
C) adipose tissue
D) thyroid gland

Question 34

Exercise is defined as

A) planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement intended to improve or maintain physical fitness.
B) any bodily movement that results in energy expenditure.
C) coordinated whole-body movements that require energy expenditure in both upper and lower extremities.
D) intensive activity lasting at least 75 minutes per day.

Question 35

Food aversions and food cravings differ for a number of reasons. Which of the following is not a difference between the two factors?

A) A food aversion is a strong dislike of a particular food, while a food craving is a strong desire for a particular food.
B) A food aversion tends to persist for a long time, while food cravings can come and go.
C) Food aversions are psychological factors, while food cravings are physiological factors.

Question 36

The energy needed in order to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients after a meal is called

A) adaptive thermogenesis.
B) nonexercise activity thermogenesis.
C) the thermic effect of food.
D) Does not have a name

Question 37

Body mass index (BMI) is defined as

A) a person's waist-to-hip ratio.
B) the ratio of the fat mass to fat-free mass.
C) a person's height divided by the square of their body weight.
D) a person's body weight divided by the square of their height.

Question 38

Components of a healthy weight-loss program include all of the following except:

A) choosing nutritious foods in moderation.
B) choosing foods very low in fat.
C) setting reasonable goals.
D) increasing daily physical activity.

Question 39

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which BMI category represents overweight?

A) < 18.5
B) 18.5-24.9
C) 25.0-29.9
D) ≥ 30

Question 40

Which choice lists the components of total energy expenditure in order from highest contributor to lowest contributor?

A) Basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food
B) Thermic effect of food, physical activity, basal metabolism
C) Physical activity, basal metabolism thermic effect of food
D) Basal metabolism, thermic effect of food, physical activity

Question 41

An example of adaptive thermogenesis is

A) sitting up straight.
B) shivering in the cold.
C) fidgeting by moving your feet around during class.
D) going for a swim on a hot day.

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding leptin is false?

A) When adipose tissue mass increases, less leptin is produced, and when adipose tissue mass decreases, more leptin is produced.
B) Leptin is produced by adipose tissue.
C) Leptin generates signals in the brain that regulate food intake and energy expenditure.
D) Blood leptin levels are reflective of changes in the body's main energy reserve.

Question 43

The set point theory of body weight regulation suggests that when someone gains weight beyond his or her set point, signals are produced that cause an increase in _____ and a decrease in _____ such that weight loss is induced.

A) exercise; nonexercise activity thermogenesis
B) food intake; energy expenditure
C) food aversions; food cravings
D) energy expenditure; food intake

Question 44

Which of the following statements about the fat compartment and the fat-free compartment of the body is false?

A) The fat compartment consists of stored triglycerides and support structures, while the fat-free compartment consists of muscle, water, and bone.
B) The amount of energy stored in the fat compartment is genetically determined and unchangeable, while the amount of fat-free mass can be increased through exercise.
C) Recommendations for body fat levels are: between 12 and 20% of total body weight for men and between 20 and 30% of total body weight for women.
D) The proportions of fat mass and fat-free mass change throughout the life cycle.

Question 45

If a person consumes 2,000 kilocalories during a day, the thermic effect of food in that person on that day would be

A) 5 to 10 kilocalories.
B) 50 to 100 kilocalories.
C) 100 to 200 kilocalories.
D) 200 to 400 kilocalories.

Question 46

If a friend of yours wants to lose 15 pounds in 2 weeks on a very-low-calorie diet, what might you suggest is a more realistic goal?

A) Weight loss of one or two pounds per week.
B) Nothing; this is a completely realistic goal.
C) Weight loss of 5 to 6 pounds per week.
D) Reducing caloric intake by only 800 calories per day.

Question 47

Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement that results in energy expenditure. According to this definition, _____ would be considered physical activity.

A) basal metabolism
B) thermic effect of food
C) nonexercise activity thermogenesis
D) adaptive thermogenesis

Question 48

A good strategy for moderating one's diet in order to lose weight is to reduce intake of

A) nutrient-dense foods.
B) energy-dense foods.
C) high-fiber foods.
D) all fats.

Question 49

Which body composition method uses measurements of the density of fat mass and fat-free mass to determine a person's percent body fat?

A) Underwater weighing
B) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
C) Bioelectrical impedance
D) Skinfold thickness

Question 50

Which method uses differences in the ability of lean and adipose tissues to conduct currents to estimate body composition?

A) Underwater weighing
B) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
C) Bioelectrical impedance
D) Skinfold thickness

Question 51

The premise of low-fat, high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets includes all of the following except:

A) Lower fat intake results in lower energy intake since fat contains more calories per gram than carbohydrates or proteins..
B) High-fat foods are more flavorful, leading to greater intake.
C) Storage of fat is extremely efficient; therefore, consuming less means less efficient fat storage.
D) High carbohydrate intake reduces the desire for fat-containing foods.

Question 52

The ob/ob mouse is obese because it eats uncontrollably. By studying ob/ob mice, scientists discovered _____, a satiety signal that ob/ob mice cannot make because of a genetic mutation.

A) ghrelin
B) leptin
C) the soluble leptin receptor
D) the db gene product

Question 53

Imagine that you have just finished a very satisfying meal and you walk past a bakery full of freshly baked goods. If the sweet smells entice you to buy an item, it is likely that those smells have stimulated

A) your appetite.
B) ghrelin production.
C) hunger.
D) a food aversion.

Question 54

According to the set point theory,

A) energy expenditure is increased when one tries to lose weight.
B) changes in adipose tissue mass are communicated to the brain, resulting in changes in energy expenditure.
C) a decrease in adipose tissue under a certain set point causes energy expenditure to increase.
D) an increase in adipose tissue above a certain set point causes energy expenditure to decrease.

Question 55

Given the following characteristics, select the person who would have the highest BMR.

A) A 50-year-old woman, 5'6" tall, who has been dieting on and off for 15 years.
B) A 50-year-old man, 5'10" tall, who is 20 pounds overweight.
C) A 20-year-old woman, 5'7" tall, who is very muscular.
D) A 20-year-old man, 6 feet tall, who is very muscular.