Deck 7: The Vitamins

Question 1

Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid

A) tyrosine.
B) tryptophan.
C) glutamate.
D) valine.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The condition of thiamin deficiency is called

A) beriberi.
B) scurvy.
C) pellagra.
D) anemia.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All water soluble vitamins share 3 similarities: they dissolve in water, they are generally not toxic to the body, and

A) they are absorbed mainly in the small intestine and transported in the blood.
B) they are absorbed mainly in the stomach and transported in the blood.
C) they are absorbed mainly in the small intestine and transported in the lymph.
D) they are absorbed in the large intestine and transported in the blood.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Alcoholism enhances thiamin absorption, increasing the likelihood of thiamin toxicity.

Question 5

Folic acid is the form of folate found in supplements and added to fortified or enriched foods.

Question 6

Chronic consumption of high doses of retinoids can have toxic effects on vision, liver function, and bone health.

Question 7

Consumption of high doses of supplemental vitamin D can be toxic.

Question 8

The condition of niacin deficiency is called

A) beriberi.
B) scurvy.
C) pellagra.
D) ariboflavinosis.

Question 9

All carotenoids can be converted into retinoids.

Question 10

The vitamins that must be included in enriched flours are thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and

A) vitamin B₆.
B) vitamin B₁₂.
C)
C) folate.
D) vitamin

Question 11

Vitamin B₁₂ is found abundantly in plant foods.

Question 12

Milk is packaged in opaque containers to protect the destruction of what vitamin by light?

A) Thiamin
B) Niacin
C) Riboflavin
D) Biotin

Question 13

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death are known as "the four Ds" associated with deficiency of what vitamin?

A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Niacin
D) Pantothenic acid

Question 14

Which B vitamin can be toxic when taken in very high supplemental doses, causing neurological problems?

A) Niacin
B) Folate
C) Vitamin B₁₂
D) Vitamin B₆

Question 15

Vitamins and minerals are complex organic compounds required in small amounts to maintain a healthy body.

Question 16

The protein found in raw egg whites that can bind to biotin and severely impair its absorption is called

A) avidin.
B) mucin.
C) heme.
D) collagen.

Question 17

Water-soluble vitamins can be destroyed by heat in cooking.

Question 18

Adequate folate intake during pregnancy can help to prevent

A) neural tube defects.
B) preterm labor.
C) morning sickness.

Question 19

Scurvy is a condition caused by vitamin D deficiency.

Question 20

Whole-grain foods are poor sources of water-soluble B vitamins.

Question 21

Together parathyroid hormone and calcitriol increase blood calcium levels by

A) increasing calcium absorption in the small intestine.
B) increasing calcium release from bone.
C) decreasing calcium excretion in the urine
D) All of the above

Question 22

Xeropthalmia, a condition of dryness of the eye caused by damage to the eye tissue, is a sign of vitamin A deficiency disorder (VADD). An earlier sign of VADD is

A) hair loss.
B) night blindness.
C) anemia.

Question 23

The stomach produces two substances required for proper vitamin B₁₂ absorption: hydrochloric acid and _____.

A) extrinsic factor
B) intrinsic factor
C) factorial proteins
D) injectable factor

Question 24

Secondary vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is caused by reduced _____ of the vitamin.

A) absorption
B) consumption
C) production
D) elimination

Question 25

Fortification and enrichment of foods differ since the process of enrichment

A) adds specific nutrients to specific foods.
B) add nutrients at levels specified by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
C) adds only fat-soluble vitamins to foods.
D) must include the addition of calcium to foods.

Question 26

The form of vitamin A important for vision is

A) retinol.
B) retinal.
C) retinoic acid.
D) beta-carotene.

Question 27

According to the FDA, a dietary supplement is a product that contains vitamins, minerals, or other compounds. A supplement is intended to

A) replace certain foods in the diet.
B) replace certain meals in the diet.
C) supplement the diet.
D) increase the potency of a typical multivitamin supplement.

Question 28

Vitamin C deficiency results in

A) beriberi.
B) pellagra.
C) scurvy.
D) folate deficiency.

Question 29

Vitamin K is essential for the process of

A) digestion.
B) absorption.
C) reproduction.
D) coagulation.

Question 30

The type of anemia that is seen in severe folate deficiency is characterized by large, immature blood cells. This type of anemia is called _____, _____ anemia.

A) microcytic, hypochromic
B) microcytic, megaloblastic
C) macrocytic, megaloblastic
D) megaloblastic, hypochromic

Question 31

Rickets is a disease caused by

A) hypervitaminosis
B) vitamin A deficiency.
C) vitamin D Deficiency.
D)
D) calcium deficiency.

Question 32

Retinoids are abundant in _____ foods, while carotenoids are abundant in _____ foods.

A) plant, animal
B) animal, plant
C) cooked, raw
D) high-fiber, low-fiber

Question 33

The conversion of homocysteine to methionine requires the vitamins folate and

A) vitamin B₆.
B) pantothenic acid.
C) vitamin B₁₂.
D) niacin.

Question 34

Fortification and enrichment of foods are similar processes that

A) add nutrients to foods during processing.
B) add nutrients to foods during harvesting.
C) add nutritional supplement information to the labels of certain foods.

Question 35

Cholecalciferol must undergo 2 conversion steps before it becomes the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Those steps take place in the _____ and the _____.

A) liver, bone
B) liver, kidney
C) small intestine, kidney
D) heart, liver

Question 36

Fat-soluble vitamins share the following common feature:

A) They are absorbed in the large intestine.
B) They travel from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.
C) They are transported as components of lipoproteins or bound to specific transport proteins.
D) They are readily excreted rather than stored.

Question 37

Alcoholism is an important risk factor for thiamin deficiency because

A) alcohol inhibits thiamin absorption.
B) alcoholics tend to consume diets that contain adequate calories and a variety of foods, but they are low in thiamin content.
C) thiamin causes gastrointestinal distress when consumed with alcohol.

Question 38

Thiamin, like other B vitamins, plays an important role in the cell because

A) it is necessary for the degradation of ATP.
B) it is lipid soluble and therefore can reside in the cell membrane.
C) it serves as an enzyme in important chemical reactions.
D) it serves as a coenzyme in important chemical reactions.

Question 39

The amount of thiamin absorbed from a food may be reduced because

A) thiamin may be destroyed by heat during cooking.
B) the body has adequate amounts of thiamin.
C) of compounds found in Brussels sprouts, raw fish, and alcohol.
D) All of the above

Question 40

Cholecalciferol is

A) also called ergocalciferol.
B) vitamin D₂.
C) found in plant products.
D) synthesized by the body.

Question 41

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can result in a macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia. This is because

A) vitamin B₁₂ is directly required for red blood cell production.
B) vitamin B₁₂ deficiency produces a secondary folate deficiency.
C) of an autoimmune attack on stomach cells producing intrinsic factor.

Question 42

Vitamin B₆ deficiency can result in microcytic, hypochromic anemia because the vitamin is essential for _____ synthesis.

A) cholesterol
B) bone
C) heme
D) serotonin

Question 43

The conditions of cheilosis, stomatitis, and glossitis are all associated with inflammation of the

A) throat.
B) eyes.
C) mouth.
D) stomach.

Question 44

Vitamin C functions differently than the B vitamins because it

A) is not a coenzyme.
B) is not water soluble.
C) is made by the body.
D) is found in different foods.

Question 45

Vitamin B₆ deficiency can be difficult to distinguish from _____ deficiency, because both deficiency states result in cheilosis, glossitis, and stomatitis.

A) thiamin
B) biotin
C) pantothenic acid
D) riboflavin

Question 46

Risk for primary vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is minimized by

A) consuming vitamin B₁₂-rich foods such as meats and seafood.
B) consuming a vegan diet (eliminating animal products).
C) being physically active.
D) spending time in the sun each day.

Question 47

In addition to vision, vitamin A plays an important role in cell differentiation. As a result, vitamin A is important for proper

A) reproduction.
B) growth.
C) immune system function.
D) All of the above

Question 48

High homocysteine levels are common in both _____ deficiencies.

A) biotin and pantothenic acid
B) folate and vitamin B₁₂
C) niacin and riboflavin
D) None of the above; only folate deficiency causes high homocysteine levels.

Question 49

Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant because it can

A) donate electrons or hydrogen ions to other substances.
B) inhibit oxidation.
C) participate in redox reactions.
D) neutralize free radicals.
E) All of the above

Question 50

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all newborns in the United States receive a vitamin K injection for all of the following reasons except:

A) to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding.
B) newborns do not have vitamin K-producing bacteria in their intestines.
C) human milk contains very little vitamin K.
D) vitamin K is lost as a result of bleeding during birth.

Question 51

Factors that impair cholecalciferol synthesis in the skin include all of the following except:

A) smog.
B) light skin.
C) sunscreen.
D) limited sunlight.

Question 52

Like vitamin C, vitamin E is a potent antioxidant. However, unlike vitamin C, vitamin E

A) is not available in supplement form.
B) can neutralize free radicals.
C) is fat soluble and therefore is found in cell membranes.
D) is capable of donating electrons.

Question 53

Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions are critical in the production of ATP. Vitamins required for redox reactions include

A) riboflavin and thiamin.
B) pantothenic acid and biotin.
C) thiamin and niacin.
D) riboflavin and niacin.

Question 54

Dietary supplements may be worth taking when

A) you become an adult and you have stopped growing.
B) you are able to purchase, prepare, and consume a diet that is balanced and adequate.
C) you are changing to a dietary pattern that eliminates animal products.

Question 55

Severe folate deficiency is rare in the U.S. because

A) folate is required to be added to enriched grain products.
B) Americans consume plenty of folate-rich vegetables.
C) folate is added to the water supply.
D) an adequate amount of folate is made by bacteria residing in the large intestine.