Deck 4: States of Conciousness

Question 1

Which of the following best defines consciousness?

A) Wakefulness
B) Rationality
C) Awareness
D) Receptiveness

Answer 1

Awareness

Question 2

The two circadian rhythms which are most relevant to the study of sleep are patterns of alertness and

A) blood pressure.
B) heart rate.
C) body temperature
D) secretion of hormones.

Answer 2

body temperature

Question 3

For most people, 2:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. is a time of day when they

A) are less alert than during the rest of the day
B) are especially prone to sexual fantasies.
C) are least likely to be able to sleep.
D) are at theirtellectual peak.

Answer 3

are less alert than during the rest of the day

Question 4

All of the following are considered to be part of infradian rhythms except

A) heartbeats.
B) alertness.
C) hunger.
D) menstruation

Question 5

The SCN acts on this information by signalling the________, located in the centre of the brain.

A) hippocampus
B) central lobe
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal gland

Question 6

The supra-chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the brain's ________.

A) cortex
B) parietal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 7

Research suggests all of the following about jet lag except

A) It can cause permanent memory loss.
B) It is made worse by exposure to melatonin
C) It can be aided by exposure to bright light during the early morning hours.
D) It can be avoided to a certain degree by altering sleep patterns before travel.

Question 8

In addition to circadian rhythms, other biological rhythms influence human functioning. Most noteworthy among these are __________________

A) ultradian andfradian rhythms
B) complex and simple rhythms.
C) gastrointestinal rhythms.
D) metabolic rhythms.

Question 9

The continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings and sensations of which we are aware is referred to as

A) behaviour analysis.
B) unconscious processing.
C) automatic processing.
D) consciousness

Question 10

What is regarded as the physical site of our biological clock?

A) The stomata formae
B) The pineal gland
C) The suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) The heart

Question 11

The daily fluctuations in body temperature and the sleep-wakefulness cycle are called

A) infradian rhythms.
B) ultradian rhythms.
C) alpha rhythms.
D) circadian rhythms

Question 12

Which of the following does not appear to follow a circadian rhythm?

A) Menstruation
B) Appetite
C) Secretion of hormones
D) Blood pressure and heart rate

Question 13

A good example of an ultradian rhythm is

A) hunger.
B) eye blinking.
C) sleep.
D) menstruation

Question 14

The most fundamental altered state is

A) sleep
B) states reached through meditation.
C) alcoholduced.
D) a drug-induced state.

Question 15

Circadian rhythms commonly refer to physiological cycles that are approximately ____ long.

A) 24 hours
B) 30 days
C) 7 days
D) 72 hours

Question 16

According to the text, approximately how many daily functions are subject to circadian rhythms?

A) 10
B) 30
C) 100
D) 80

Question 17

Circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the

A) calendar.
B) pituitary gland.
C) brain
D) heart.

Question 18

The discomfort that results from jet lag is caused by disruption of

A) active consciousness.
B) circadian rhythms
C) the receptive cycle.
D) the vestibular system.

Question 19

The subjective nature of consciousness has been recently examined through objective studies by psychologists using such tools as

A) the MRI and aptitude tests.
B) the CT scan and the EEG
C) psychotherapy and projective tests.
D) legal and illicit drugs.

Question 20

Researchers believe that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as

A) our biological clock
B) a generator of charisma young people.
C) a refreshening device for our brain.
D) the source ofner awareness of time.

Question 21

As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep,

A) heart rate graduallycreases.
B) blood pressure rapidlycreases.
C) brain activity decreases
D) respiration ratescrease slowly.

Question 22

Which of the following is more typical of NREM than REM sleep?

A) Fast, regular respiration and heart rate
B) Vivid dreams
C) Eye movements
D) Some bodily movement

Question 23

Each of the following statements is true about subjective night except

A) "The urge to sleep is greatest."
B) "Energy and efficiency are at their lowest points."
C) "Productivity diminishes."
D) "Body temperature is highest."

Question 24

All of the following are believed to decrease problems associated with working night shifts, except

A) staying awake for 24 hours after a night shift bycreasing caffeinetake
B) exposure to bright light during the last four hours of sleep.
C) use of a wakefulness drug called Modafinil.
D) brief nap periods during a shift, where possible.

Question 25

How many different stages of NREM sleep have been identified?

A) Two
B) Three
C) One
D) Four

Question 26

Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for people who

A) travel abroad every summer.
B) work rotating shifts
C) don't go to sleep and wake up at approximately the same time every day.
D) have anner-earfection.

Question 27

All of the following help shift workers feel better except

A) a drug called Modafinil.
B) eating a large meal before, during and immediately after a night shift
C) avoiding eating spicy or greasy foods after midnight.
D) avoiding heavy meals.

Question 28

Research suggests that problems with night shifts can be overcome by

A) higher personnel turnover.
B) exposure to periods of high light while working
C) asking for volunteers.
D) the playing of soft music the workplace.

Question 29

All of the following statements are true of shift workers except that

A) they have more digestive problems.
B) they perk up during their subjective night
C) they use more caffeine and alcohol.
D) they sleep fewer hours.

Question 30

Which statement is true of sleep cycles in normal sleep?

A) Each consists of REM sleep followed by four stages of NREM sleep.
B) Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep.
C) Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep followed by REM sleep
D) Each consists of four stages of NREM sleep followed by REM sleep.

Question 31

In the ideal rotation for shift workers,

A) shifts change weekly from days to nights to evenings.
B) shifts change every three weeks from days to evenings to nights
C) shifts change every three weeks from days to nights to evenings.
D) shifts change weekly from days to evenings to nights.

Question 32

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

A) Slower and irregular respiration
B) Lower blood pressure
C) Paralysis of the large muscles
D) Decreased brain activity

Question 33

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Delta waves
B) increased brain temperature
C) Activation of large muscles
D) Decrease adrenaline

Question 34

Which of the following is the best order of shift changes for shift workers to use when changing shifts?

A) Rotating from nights to evenings to days
B) Rotating from two days on, then two nights on, then two evenings on
C) Rotating from evenings to days to nights
D) Rotating from days to evenings to nights

Question 35

Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?

A) Paralysis of large muscles
B) Rapid eye movements
C) Slow, regular respiration and heart rate
D) Penile erection and vaginal swelling

Question 36

Jet-lag is less troublesome for all the following except

A) night owls.
B) young people.
C) airline pilots
D) women.

Question 37

Early research on sleep included monitoring subjects in all of the following areas except

A) chin-muscle tension.
B) heart and respiration rates.
C) eye movements.
D) large-muscle twitches

Question 38

Which of the following is the best cycle for shift workers to use when changing shifts?

A) Once every two weeks, rotating from days to evenings to nights
B) Once every three weeks, rotating from days to evenings to nights
C) Once every two weeks, rotating from evenings to days to nights
D) Once every three weeks, rotating from evenings to days to nights

Question 39

Simone flew from Edmonton, Alberta, to London, two days ago. Since then, she has been feeling sleepy during the day but has had difficulty sleeping during the night. The probable reason for her difficulty is that

A) airline travel has temporarily disrupted her hypothalamus.
B) she is exhausted from sight-seeing.
C) her body clock is not synchronized with clock time
D) she lost a night's sleep on her flight.

Question 40

Which of the following is characteristic of people who work rotating shifts in which schedules are rotated forward, with each rotation lasting three weeks?

A) increased tolerance of stress
B) increased safety records
C) increased sleep disturbances
D) Greater efficiency and alertness during subjective night

Question 41

Which age group is most likely to fall asleep easily, sleep soundly for more than eight hours, and feel awake and alert during the day?

A) Children from age six to puberty
B) Adolescents
C) The elderly
Dfants

Question 42

Which of the following groups spends many hours in bed, but is the least likely to experience satisfying sleep?

A) Children from six to puberty
B) The elderly
C) Adolescents
Dfants and young children

Question 43

After the first two sleep cycles, most people

A) alternate between Stage 2 sleep and REM sleep
B) get equal amounts of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.
C) get more slow-wave sleep than REM sleep.
D) experience patterns sodividualized that no general statement can be made.

Question 44

A sleeping person is most easily awakened from

A) Stage 2 sleep.
B) Stage 3 sleep.
C) Stage 1 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep.

Question 45

In terms of sleep, adolescents

A) have the same sleep patterns as the elderly.
B) typically require two more hours of sleep per night than they usually get
C) actually have the most problem going to sleep.
D) sleep longer hours thanfants.

Question 46

Which of the following groups is considered to contain champion sleepers-who sleep long but stay awake and alert through the day?

A) Adolescents
B) Children from six to puberty
C) infants and young children
D) Adults

Question 47

Sleep spindles are associated with

A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 4 sleep.
D) Stage 3 sleep.

Question 48

Compared to the first two sleep cycles, sleep cycles later in the night are characterized by less

A) REM sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) Stage 2 sleep.
D) slow-wave sleep

Question 49

Which of the following groups has the most REM sleep?

A) The elderly
B) Adolescents
C) infants and young children
D) Children from six to puberty

Question 50

The deepest sleep is called

A) Stage 4
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 2.
D) Stage 1.

Question 51

Eunice is 55 years old. Compared to when she was 35, if her sleep patterns have been typical, she will most likely experience which of the following?

A) More frequent, but shorter periods of awakening during the night
B) Lighter sleep
C) Deeper sleep
D) Fewer awakenings the night

Question 52

Compared to the sleep cycles later in the night, the first two sleep cycles are characterized by more

A) dreaming.
B) REM sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep
D) Stage 2 sleep.

Question 53

Which of the following groups has the longest sleep time and the highest percentage of REM sleep?

A) Children from six to puberty
B) infants and young children
C) Adults
D) Adolescents

Question 54

Stage 4 sleep begins when

A) dreams begin.
B) more than 50 percent of brain activity is delta waves
C) delta waves begin to appear.
D) one first falls asleep.

Question 55

Which age group has the most difficulty sleeping, the most awakenings and the lightest sleep?

A) infants
B) Young adults
C) Adolescents
D) The elderly

Question 56

Which age group gets the most sleep in a typical 24-hour cycle?

A) Adults
B) infants and young children
C) The elderly
D) Teenagers

Question 57

Harriet is 85 years old. She finds her sleep at night to be lighter and less satisfying. This can be considered as

A) adolescence.
B) a sign of terminal decline.
C) infantile sleep pattern syndrome.
D) normal

Question 58

The stage of sleep which most people spend the least amount of time in during the night is

A) Stage 2.
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 1
D) REM.

Question 59

About 50% of a night's sleep is spent in

A) Stage 2 sleep
B) Stage 4 sleep.
C) Stage 3 sleep.
D) Stage 1 sleep.

Question 60

The brain waves that occur in Stage 4 sleep are primarily

A) beta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) delta waves
D) theta waves.

Question 61

Compared to NREM dreams, REM dreams are

A) less vivid.
B) less thought-like
C) less emotional.
D) less visual.

Question 62

This increase in the percentage of REM sleep to make up for REM deprivation is called

A) sleep appreciation.
B) REM accommodation.
C) REM rebound
D) REM accrual.

Question 63

Which of the following reflects one of the known differences in dream content between men and women?

A) Men dream about street scenes and tool usage more than women
B) Women dream about sunny vacation destinations more than men.
C) Men's dreams are more vivid than those of women.
D) Women dream about sexual encounters more than men.

Question 64

If people have been deprived of REM sleep as a result of general sleep loss, illness or too much alcohol or barbiturates, they tend to

A) gradually develop a lower need for sleep.
B) get ancreased amount of REM sleep after REM deprivation
C) show neither ancrease nor decrease REM sleep after REM deprivation.
D) get a decreased amount of REM sleep after REM deprivation.

Question 65

What are the momentary lapses from wakefulness into sleep that usually occur when a person has been sleep-deprived?

A) Sleepsertion
B) Microsleeps
C) REMtrusion
D) Momentary sleep reversal

Question 66

Larks are to ________ as owls are to ________.

A) lower body temperatures; higher body temperatures
B) few sleep problems; easily adapting to night shifts
C) sleeping quietly; sleep apnea
D) eating during the day; eating throughout the night

Question 67

If you go without sleep for two days, all of the following are likely except

A) you will become disoriented
B) you are less able to concentrate.
C) you are likely to have microsleeps.
D) you are easily irritated.

Question 68

Which type of sleep seems to aid in learning and memory in humans and other animals?

A) Stage 2
B) REM sleep
C) Stage 1
D) Stages 3 and 4

Question 69

According to researchers, each of the following statements about the content of dreams is correct except

A) dreams generally reflect our waking preoccupations.
B) dreams are generally bizarre and filled with emotion
C) dreams contain more aggression than friendlyteractions.
D) dreams are generally more unpleasant than pleasant.

Question 70

Two of the most common themes of unpleasant dream content are

A) being chased and falling
B) illness of a loved one and death.
C) death and fatal illnesses.
D) being attacked and falling.

Question 71

What is the term for an increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation, which is often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares?

A) REM rebound
B) REM reversal
C) Microsleep
D) REMtrusion

Question 72

Approximately _________ percent of the population is capable of lucid dreaming, according to recent research.

A) 20
B) 80
C) 60
D) 40

Question 73

Which of the following best describes the typical content of dreams?

A) Dreams typically reflect the preoccupations of waking life
B) Dreams are typically focused on anxiety-provoking problems from daily life.
C) Dreams are filled with remote and frightening images that we hide from consciousness.
D) Dreams with pleasant contents are actually quite rare.

Question 74

People who experience frightening recurring dreams experience all of the following except

A) greater stress.
B) greater depression and anxiety.
C) repeated awakenings the night
D) minor physical complaints.

Question 75

Psychologists believe one of the purposes of REM sleep is to

A) help organize and store relevantformation
B) replenish our energy level.
C) grow new neurons.
D) support NREM sleep activity.

Question 76

As part of a research study, Alicia keeps a journal beside her bed and she records what she was dreaming about as soon as she awakens from a dream. Based on evidence presented in the text, this technique is used probably because

A) manifest content is more difficult than latent content to recover if the dreams are recorded much after they occur.
B) dream memories only last about 10 minutes after the dreams have occurred
C) she is very forgetful and easily distracted.
D) latent content is more difficult than manifest content to recover if the dreams are recorded much after they occur.

Question 77

Which of the following is not accurate about sleep patterns?

A) About 25% are classified as "larks".
B) During the day owls would have a higher average body temperature than larks
C) Owls generally have more stressful life events than larks.
D) Larks have higher averagetelligence than owls.

Question 78

Following REM deprivation, there is usually

A) ancrease REM sleep
B) a decrease REM sleep.
C) an absence of REM sleep.
D) no change the amount of REM sleep.

Question 79

Dream memories usually do not last more than ________ after the dream is over.

A) 30 minutes
B) 1 minute
C) 20 seconds
D) 10 minutes

Question 80

Compared to REM dreams, NREM dreams are

A) more visual.
B) more vivid.
C) more thought-like
D) more emotional.