Deck 12: Personality.

Question 1

A style of personality defined by a group of related characteristics is called

A) character.
B) a temperamental quality.
C) a personality type.
D) a personality trait.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In psychology, the term personality implies that individual patterns of behavior are both

A) universal and inherited.
B) desirable and undesirable.
C) unique and stable.
D) complimentary and diverse.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When you tell others that your best friend is outgoing, funny, honest, dependable, and just an "all-around good guy," you are referring to your friend's

A) character.
B) temperament.
C) superego.
D) ideal self.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated, we are assessing

A) temperament.
B) character.
C) personality types.
D) popular stereotypes.

Question 5

The consistency of who you are, have been, and will become as well as the special blend of talents, values, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes you a unique person are referred to as

A) personality.
B) character.
C) somatotype.
D) temperament.

Question 6

Personality traits are inferred from past behavior and allow us to do which of the following regarding behavior in future situations?

A) explain
B) learn from
C) justify
D) predict

Question 7

The description of a person's character implies

A) the use of rating scales.
B) the use of multiple observers.
C) the use of situational testing.
D) judgment about the desirability of traits.

Question 8

Which of the following implies that a person has been evaluated as possessing positive qualities, not just described as having them?

A) personality
B) ideal self
C) character
D) temperament

Question 9

A personality trait is

A) a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B) a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C) the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D) the subjective evaluation of a character.

Question 10

Regarding personality traits, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Personality traits are inferred from one's behavior.
B) We are less likely to predict that a person will be successful if he or she has the personality trait of conscientiousness.
C) If we observe a person who is outgoing, we are likely to predict that this person will be sociable at school and at work.
D) Personality traits can influence our health as well as our marital and occupational success.

Question 11

The term personality refers to

A) the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.
B) unique and relatively stable behavior patterns.
C) favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.
D) charisma, character, or temperament.

Question 12

In our culture, it is deemed good for people to be friendly, outgoing, and upstanding, while in other cultures being fierce, warlike, and cruel are deemed favorable.These differences illustrate how different cultures assess

A) temperament.
B) personality.
C) character.
D) superego.

Question 13

If we describe Dan as being sociable, orderly, and intelligent, we are referring to his

A) personality traits.
B) personality type.
C) personality style.
D) temperamental character.

Question 14

A subjective evaluation of a person is referred to as

A) personality.
B) character.
C) temperament.
D) a trait critique.

Question 15

A stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations is

A) self-esteem.
B) a personality type.
C) a personality trait.
D) a somatotype.

Question 16

The term character refers to

A) the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.
B) unique and enduring behavior patterns.
C) favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.
D) one's temperament.

Question 17

Informally, we tend to place people into categories, such as the "executive type," the "athletic type," and the "motherly type." If you tried to define these informal types, you would probably

A) evaluate them on their character.
B) use subclinical traits to describe them.
C) describe their temperaments.
D) list a different collection of traits for each category.

Question 18

A personality type is

A) a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B) a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C) the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D) the subjective evaluation of a character.

Question 19

Which of the following statements pertains to character as opposed to personality?

A) "Eddie is a good guy.He's honest and dependable."
B) "Judy tends to be withdrawn.She rarely enjoys being with others."
C) "Juanita loses her temper easily and cools off slowly."
D) "As a group, Americans are less restrained than the British."

Question 20

An individual's unique and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are called

A) personality.
B) character.
C) somatotype.
D) phenotype.

Question 21

Because two categories (or even several)are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality, which of the following tends to be more informative than classifying persons into two or three types?

A) rating people on a list of traits
B) determining their archetype
C) determining their actualization potential
D) analyzing fixations through psychoanalytic techniques

Question 22

Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predict their

A) competency as a parent.
B) chances of suffering a heart attack.
C) success in education.
D) chances of developing a serious mental illness.

Question 23

One problem psychologists have with personality types is they

A) are hereditary constructs.
B) oversimplify personality.
C) describe character, not personality.
D) are not observable or measurable.

Question 24

The dependent personality and the antisocial personality are each defined by specific collections of traits that

A) are not adaptive.
B) increase the person's risk of having a heart attack.
C) include being introverted, cautious, and agreeable.
D) include being sociable, nurturing, and conscientious.

Question 25

The paranoid personality, the dependent personality, and the antisocial personality are examples of __________ personality types.

A) introverted
B) extroverted
C) unhealthy
D) Type A

Question 26

The psychiatrist who proposed that people are either introverts or extroverts was

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B.F.Skinner.

Question 27

Melissa tends to be outgoing, assertive, and very sociable.Carl Jung would have classified Melissa as

A) an introvert.
B) an extrovert.
C) self-actualized.
D) androgynous.

Question 28

According to Carl Jung, a shy, reserved person whose attention is focused inward is referred to as a(n)

A) introvert.
B) Type B personality.
C) feeling type.
D) extrovert.

Question 29

According to Carl Jung, a bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward is referred to as a(n)

A) introvert.
B) Type A personality.
C) perceptive type.
D) extrovert.

Question 30

Carl Jung's concepts of introversion and extroversion represent

A) personality types.
B) somatotypic profiles.
C) character groupings.
D) situational determinants.

Question 31

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung proposed that people are either

A) Type A or Type B personalities.
B) ectomorphic, mesomorphic, or endomorphic.
C) introverts or extroverts.
D) congruent or incongruent.

Question 32

People who have personality traits that increase their chance of suffering a heart attack are considered __________ personalities.

A) extroverted
B) introverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 33

Regarding personality types, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Two categories or even several are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality.
B) Rating people on a list of traits tends to be more informative than classifying people into two or three types.
C) Types tend to oversimplify people.
D) The personality types of introversion and extroversion were first proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Question 34

Both Leona and Carleton are ambitious, competitive, hostile, and striving, which puts them at a greater risk of having a heart attack.Leona and Carleton both have a(n)__________ personality.

A) antisocial
B) extroverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 35

People take a more laid-back approach to life are considered __________ personalities.

A) extroverted
B) introverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 36

Marty tends to be shy and prefers solitary hobbies, such as reading, constructing models, and fishing alone.Carl Jung would have classified Marty as

A) neurotic.
B) an extrovert.
C) an introvert.
D) androgynous.

Question 37

If you like studying where there is more socializing and a higher noise level, you are probably

A) more of an introvert.
B) more of an extrovert.
C) a Type A personality.
D) a Type B personality.

Question 38

Concerning pure extroversion and pure introversion, it is most accurate to say

A) these categories are not types but ways to define a person's character.
B) that knowing if someone is extroverted or introverted tells you little about how conscientious, kind, or open to new ideas the person is.
C) each of these types is a specific collection of maladaptive traits.
D) classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits.

Question 39

Which of the following is a shorthand way of labeling people who have several key traits in common?

A) archetype
B) actualization potential
C) types
D) character profile

Question 40

If you prefer studying in the quiet cubicles in the library, you are probably

A) more of an introvert.
B) more of an extrovert.
C) a Type A personality.
D) a Type B personality.

Question 41

Which of the following concepts is an important factor in one's self-esteem but is viewed very differently by Eastern and Western cultures?

A) success
B) temperamental traits
C) intelligence
D) sociability

Question 42

When you tell a prospective employer that you are a high-achiever, gregarious, and occasionally brilliant, you are describing your

A) self-concept.
B) temperament.
C) character.
D) ordinal position.

Question 43

All your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are make up your

A) ideal self.
B) ego ideal.
C) possible selves.
D) self-concept.

Question 44

When we experience success or praise, which of the following tends to rise?

A) ideal self
B) conditions of worth
C) character
D) self-esteem

Question 45

Which of the following is usually NOT exhibited by a person with low self-esteem?

A) being proud and arrogant around others
B) having poor self-knowledge
C) being anxious, unhappy, and self-critical
D) having an inconsistent and confused perception of one's personality

Question 46

Roberto is confident, proud, and self-respecting.He is competent and effective in his job and is loved and admired by his family and friends.Roberto

A) will have difficulty dealing with negative experiences.
B) has poor self-knowledge and an inconsistent, confused self-concept.
C) has high self-esteem.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 47

Japan and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on which of the following than do cultures, such as the United States?

A) self-concept
B) collectivism
C) being independent
D) a person's outstanding performance

Question 48

M.J.misses two free throws that cost his team the basketball game.His teammates blame M.J.for the loss.In the previous game, M.J.performed admirably and was the hero for his team as he hit the game winning shot.These types of reactions are most likely to occur in

A) Japan.
B) China.
C) both Japan and China.
D) the United States.

Question 49

The "mental picture" you have of your own personality that is creatively built out of your daily experiences is called your

A) ideal self.
B) ego ideal.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 50

In cultures like the United States, self-esteem is based on

A) a person's outstanding performance.
B) interdependence.
C) collectivism.
D) group membership.

Question 51

Regarding self-concept, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We creatively build our self-concepts out of daily experiences and revise them as we have new experiences.
B) Once a stable self-concept exists, it tends to guide what we pay attention to, remember, and think about.
C) Self-concepts can greatly affect our behavior, personal adjustment, and self-esteem, especially when these self-concepts are inaccurate.
D) When old people were asked in a study how they had changed over the years, almost all thought they were very different people than they were when they were young.

Question 52

Regarding self-esteem, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Self-esteem buffers us against negative experiences.
B) A person with low self-esteem suffers from poor self-knowledge with their self-concepts being inconsistent, inaccurate, and confused.
C) People with high self-esteem that is securely held tend to become defensive when challenged.
D) The success that helps create high self-esteem is viewed differently by different cultures.

Question 53

Janet is a college student and thinks that she is stupid, worthless, and a failure, despite getting good grades and being an excellent part-time employee.Janet

A) has an inaccurate self-concept and will most likely experience depression.
B) is an introverted person who is soliciting sympathy from others.
C) will experience neurotic anxiety due to a failure to resolve the Electra complex.
D) is exhibiting organismic valuing due to unresolved conditions of worth.

Question 54

Evaluating your worth as a person creates either a high or low

A) ideal self.
B) temperament.
C) character.
D) self-esteem.

Question 55

Regarding cultural differences in self-esteem, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) People from Asian cultures tend to downplay their faults and failures.
B) The self-esteem for people from Western cultures is based on a secure sense of belonging to social groups.
C) For people from Western cultures, the path to higher self-esteem lies in self-enhancement.
D) People in Western cultures are more apt to engage in self-criticism.

Question 56

C.K.misses two goals in soccer and greatly criticizes himself after the game because he believes that by correcting his personal faults he can add to the well-being of the team.C.K.is most likely a member of which culture?

A) Asian
B) European
C) North American
D) none of these

Question 57

A person who is competent and effective and who is loved and admired will almost always have

A) low self-efficacy.
B) low self-awareness.
C) high self-esteem.
D) a high degree of arrogance.

Question 58

We each have a perception of our own personality traits with this perception strongly influencing our behavior.Psychologists call this perception our

A) self-evaluation.
B) inner concept.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 59

You ask your 89-year-old great grandmother how she has changed over the years.If your great grandmother is like most elderly persons, she will

A) provide a very inaccurate description of herself due to a lack of memory regarding her younger years.
B) provide a very accurate description of the major changes in her life over the years.
C) tend to overestimate the amount of change that has occurred in her life over the years.
D) say that she is essentially the same person that she was when she was young.

Question 60

Virginia is insecure, anxious, lacking in confidence, and overly self-critical.Virginia is experiencing

A) low self-esteem.
B) organismic valuing.
C) a congruent self.
D) all of these.

Question 61

Michael's psychologist believes that Michael's depression is due to internal conflicts and struggles he is experiencing over the relationship he had as a child with his hypercritical but overprotective mother.Michael's psychologist emphasizes which theory of personality?

A) humanistic theory
B) psychodynamic theory
C) behaviorist theory
D) social learning

Question 62

A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain people's unique and relatively stable behavior patterns is called

A) the law of inherited temperaments.
B) somatotypic guidelines.
C) a personality theory.
D) a semantic differential.

Question 63

Which of the following theories focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles?

A) humanistic theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) trait theories

Question 64

Which theories of personality stress private, subjective experience and personal growth?

A) trait theories
B) humanistic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) psychodynamic theories

Question 65

Genuine self-esteem is based on which type of appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses?

A) modest
B) balanced
C) accurate
D) high positive

Question 66

In the United States and other Western cultures, the path to heightened levels of self-esteem is believed to be attained through

A) personal success.
B) group success.
C) a complete understanding of one's self.
D) an accurate assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the group to which one belongs.

Question 67

A personality theory is a(n)

A) category used to describe continuums within personality.
B) interrelated system of concepts, ideas, and principles used to explain personality.
C) relatively permanent set of behavior patterns.
D) subjective evaluation of a person.

Question 68

A personality theory must include

A) connotative meanings.
B) somatotypic guidelines.
C) statistical assessment techniques.
D) concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles.

Question 69

Grace has a positive self-evaluation that is not securely held.We can predict that she will

A) show a lack of confidence initially and in all of her interactions with others.
B) at first seem confident but will quickly become defensive when challenged.
C) be angry and defensive in all her interactions with others.
D) at first show a lack of confidence but will gradually show more confidence as she interacts with others.

Question 70

The Japanese and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on

A) personal success.
B) interdependence among people.
C) a complete understanding of one's self.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 71

A positive self-evaluation that is not securely held

A) may seem confident at first.
B) becomes defensive when challenged.
C) is unhealthy.
D) is characterized by all of these.

Question 72

To understand personality, trait theorists attempt to

A) discover how the various traits were learned in early childhood.
B) increase the number of basic traits that have been identified.
C) classify traits and discover how they are related to actual behavior.
D) reduce source traits to subclinical traits.

Question 73

The theories that attempt to learn what characteristics make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior are the __________ theories.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) social learning
D) behaviorist

Question 74

The theories that place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning are the

A) humanistic theories.
B) psychodynamic theories.
C) behaviorist theories.
D) trait theories.

Question 75

The theories that attribute differences in personality to one's culture, expectations, and mental processes are the __________ theories.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social learning

Question 76

Erin is attending group sessions at the counseling center at her college, not to solve problems, but to enhance her personal growth.These sessions most likely follow which theoretical perspective?

A) psychodynamic
B) behaviorist
C) humanistic
D) social learning

Question 77

Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to

A) stress.
B) personal growth.
C) trait analysis.
D) internal conflicts.

Question 78

The four approaches to personality covered by the text include all following EXCEPT

A) psychodynamic.
B) humanistic.
C) transactional analysis.
D) trait.

Question 79

In working with his clients and in his lectures at the university, Dr.Ferris tends to explain personality and various psychological disorders in terms of a person's responses being reinforced or punished as they were growing up.Dr.Ferris places the most importance on which theories of personality?

A) humanistic theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) trait theories

Question 80

Regarding Japan and other Asian cultures, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People in Asian cultures are more apt to engage in self-criticism.
B) The path to higher self-esteem in Asian cultures lies in self-enhancement.
C) Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on collectivism.
D) The self-esteem of people in Asian cultures is based on a secure sense of belonging to social groups.