Deck 2: The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System

Question 1

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the midbrain.Where are these two structures located relative to one another?

A) The superior colliculi are located above the inferior colliculi.
B) The superior colliculi are located below the inferior colliculi.
C) The superior colliculi are closer to the midline than the inferior colliculi.
D) The superior colliculi are farther away from the midline than the inferior colliculi.

Answer 1

The superior colliculi are located above the inferior colliculi.

Question 2

Early computerized tomography (CT)equipment could take images from only one perspective,the axial or horizontal section.This means that the resulting images were from sections that are _________ to the ground,dividing the brain from _________ .

A) perpendicular;front to back
B) perpendicular to the ground,dividing the brain from side to side.
C) parallel to the midline,dividing the brain from side to side.
D) parallel to the ground,dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Answer 2

parallel to the ground,dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Question 3

You just heard about a friend who has a tumor on the meninges of her right temporal lobe.This means that the tumor is ________ to the midline of the brain.

A) contralateral
B) medial
C) ventral
D) lateral

Answer 3

lateral

Question 4

Researchers who wished to view a structure from the top of the head would use a _________ section.

A) sagittal
B) coronal
C) horizontal
D) midsagittal

Question 5

In order to assess the size of the lateral ventricles in patients with schizophrenia,Dr.Weinberger has decided to use a coronal or frontal section.In other words,he is looking at a plane of section that is

A) perpendicular to the ground,dividing the brain from front to back.
B) perpendicular to the ground,dividing the brain from side to side.
C) parallel to the midline,dividing the brain from side to side.
D) parallel to the ground,dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Question 6

Structures located relatively toward the belly of a four-legged animal are referred to as

A) rostral.
B) caudal.
C) dorsal.
D) ventral.

Question 7

The correct ordering of the layers of the meninges from the skull to the brain is:

A) pia mater,arachnoid layer,dura mater.
B) arachnoid layer,pia mater,dura mater.
C) dura mater,pia mater,arachnoid layer.
D) dura mater,arachnoid layer,pia mater.

Question 8

The nerve fibers that originate in the cerebral cortex and control movement cross the midline just above the junction of the medulla and spinal cord.As a result,these fibers provide input to _________ structures of the body,or structures that are on the _________ side of the midline as the cortical cells providing their motor input.

A) ipsilateral;same
B) contralateral;opposite
C) ipsilateral;opposite
D) contralateral;same

Question 9

Two structures on opposite sides of the midline are referred to as

A) proximal.
B) distal.
C) ipsilateral.
D) contralateral.

Question 10

Which of the following pairs of terms mean the same thing?

A) ventral-superior
B) dorsal-inferior
C) rostral-anterior
D) caudal-ipsilateral

Question 11

Your right arm is __________ to your right leg.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Question 12

The neuraxis runs in a straight line

A) parallel to the ground in four-legged animals and humans.
B) perpendicular to the ground in four-legged animals and humans.
C) parallel to the ground in four-legged animals but makes a 90 degree turn in the brains of humans.
D) parallel to the ground in humans but makes a 90 degree turn in the brains of four-legged animals.

Question 13

Most of the neural input to your left eyebrow originates in the motor cortex of the left hemisphere.In other words,your eyebrow receives input from the _________ hemisphere.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Question 14

A dog's ears are __________ relative to its tail.

A) rostral
B) caudal
C) dorsal
D) ventral

Question 15

Planes of section that divide the brain parallel to the midline are known as _________ sections.

A) sagittal
B) coronal
C) horizontal
D) axial

Question 16

Structures located relatively toward the tail of a four-legged animal are referred to as

A) rostral.
B) caudal.
C) dorsal.
D) ventral.

Question 17

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)is located _________ the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).

A) behind
B) in front of
C) below
D) above

Question 18

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain is known as the

A) midline.
B) proximal.
C) neuraxis.
D) plane of section.

Question 19

Researchers investigating appetite distinguish between the roles played by the ventromedial hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus.Where are these two structures located relative to one another?

A) The lateral hypothalamus is contralateral to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) The lateral hypothalamus is rostral to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) The lateral hypothalamus is closer to the midline than the ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) The ventromedial hypothalamus is located closer to the midline than the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 20

A person's hand is __________ relative to his or her elbow.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Question 21

Given the fact that the motor cortex controls movement of contralateral body parts,if your grandfather experiences damage to his right hemisphere motor cortex due to a stroke,it is likely that he will

A) not be able to walk at all because he will be paralyzed from the waist down.
B) have some paralysis in the left side of his body.
C) not be able to understand anything you say to him.
D) have some paralysis on the right side of his body.

Question 22

The primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is to

A) nourish the cells of the brain.
B) cushion or "float" the weight of the brain.
C) remove toxins from the brain.
D) provide circulation for chemical messengers.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The central nervous system is encased in bone,but has no cerebrospinal fluid.
B) The peripheral nervous system is encased in bone,but has no cerebrospinal fluid.
C) The peripheral nervous system is encased with bone and is bathed with cerebrospinal fluid.
D) The central nervous system is encased with bone and is bathed with cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 24

A condition that results when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is blocked is known as

A) hydrocephalus.
B) meningioma.
C) meningitis.
D) septicemia.

Question 25

This figure illustrates the circulation of

A) blood through the brain and spinal cord.
B) cerebrospinal fluid between the meninges and the upper layer of cortex.
C) cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricles,the central canal of the spinal cord,and in the subarachnoid space.
D) cerebrospinal fluid,from its manufacture in the subarachnoid space into the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 26

Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system?

A) the corpus callosum
B) the red nucleus
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the central canal

Question 27

Your cat always walks up to you and wants you to pet it on its ________ surface,but your dog lies on its back and presents its _________ surface for you to scratch.

A) ventral;dorsal
B) dorsal;ventral
C) rostral;caudal
D) caudal;rostral

Question 28

If you go to the doctor with a fever,horrible headache,and a stiff neck,why might the doctor suggest a spinal tap?

A) A spinal tap will tell if you have a brain tumor.
B) The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)may tell the doctor if there is any evidence of meningitis or encephalitis.
C) The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is the same as the blood supply,and the doctor can tell if you have an infection.
D) The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is the only way the doctor can tell if you are on drugs.

Question 29

Running down the center of the spinal cord is the

A) subarachnoid space.
B) fourth ventricle.
C) central canal.
D) spinal ventricle.

Question 30

Which layers of the meninges are found in the peripheral nervous system?

A) pia mater,arachnoid layer,and dura mater
B) pia mater only
C) pia mater and dura mater only
D) arachnoid layer and dura mater only

Question 31

Why would your doctor want to do a spinal tap if she suspected that you had an infection of the brain?

A) Because the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)of the spinal cord is continuous with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)of the brain.
B) Because the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
C) Because the peripheral and central nervous systems are connected.
D) She wouldn't do a spinal tap because the spinal cord is made of different kinds of neurons than the brain.

Question 32

The blood supply to the brain is provided by the

A) carotid and vertebral arteries.
B) subclavian and axillary arteries.
C) celiac artery.
D) aorta.

Question 33

Which of the meninges is described as a leatherlike tissue that follows the contours of the skull bones?

A) pia mater
B) dura mater
C) arachnoid layer
D) subarachnoid space

Question 34

A friend calls and says his child has just come down with a fever.When the child bends her head forward she screams in pain.The parent asks you what to do.Given what you have read in this chapter,what would you suggest?

A) Have the child lie down;she'll probably be fine.
B) Call the pediatrician in the morning.
C) Get the child immediately to the nearest hospital,as the symptoms sound very much like meningitis.You may be wrong,but it's not worth taking the chance.
D) The child probably has a brain tumor and should see a neurologist.

Question 35

The subarachnoid space is found between the arachnoid layer and the

A) pia mater.
B) dura mater.
C) skull bones.
D) lateral ventricles.

Question 36

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)may be found in the

A) central and peripheral nervous systems.
B) peripheral nervous system only.
C) lateral ventricles only.
D) ventricles,subarachnoid space,and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 37

A subdural hematoma is a "bruise" that often occurs following a head injury.Given your knowledge of anatomical terms,which of the following is the likely location of this type of injury?

A) the scalp
B) the meninges
C) the lateral ventricles
D) the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 38

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is produced by the

A) meninges.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) choroid plexus.
D) ventricles.

Question 39

The region consisting of the head,neck,and arms is served by nerves exiting the _________ division of the spinal cord.

A) sacral
B) lumbar
C) thoracic
D) cervical

Question 40

The spinal cord extends _________ of the vertebral column.

A) down the entire length
B) down about two-thirds the length
C) about halfway down the length
D) about a third of the way down the length

Question 41

The structure located just rostral to the junction between the spinal cord and the brain is the

A) medulla.
B) cerebellum.
C) pons.
D) reticular formation.

Question 42

A thoracic surgeon operates in the vicinity of the thoracic division of the spinal cord;that is,the structures located in the

A) neck
B) torso
C) lower back
D) genitals and legs

Question 43

Axons carrying sensory information to the brain may be found in

A) the ventral white matter of the spinal cord.
B) the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
C) both the ventral and dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
D) the lateral white matter of the spinal cord only.

Question 44

Lucy is experiencing problems with dizziness and maintaining her balance.Her physician is likely to look for the source of her problems in the

A) vestibular system and the cerebellum.
B) reticular formation.
C) red nucleus and the cerebellum.
D) cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculi.

Question 45

The reticular formation is involved with regulation of

A) appetite.
B) heart rate and respiration.
C) sexual activity.
D) sleep and arousal.

Question 46

You've just heard that someone's spinal cord has been injured at L2 (lumbar nerve 2).Given what you've learned in this chapter,which of the following will likely be true?

A) The person will be totally paralyzed from the neck down.
B) The person will be totally paralyzed from just below the arms.
C) Depending on how severe the injury,the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the waist down.
D) Depending on how severe the injury,the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the chest down.

Question 47

The medulla contains nuclei responsible for which of the following functions?

A) balance and motor coordination
B) heart rate and respiration
C) visual reflexes
D) auditory reflexes

Question 48

Jonathan has been diagnosed with a tumor located in his medulla.His physician warns him that until treated,the tumor will most directly affect his

A) balance and motor coordination.
B) breathing,heart rate,and blood pressure.
C) control of aggression.
D) decision-making.

Question 49

The brainstem contains which of the following structures?

A) the central sulcus
B) the corpus callosum
C) the medulla
D) the hypothalamus

Question 50

A person with cervical spinal cord damage is known as a _________ and experiences loss of sensation and motor control in the _________.

A) paraplegic;arms and legs
B) paraplegic;legs only
C) quadriplegic;arms and legs
D) quadriplegic;legs only

Question 51

The knee jerk reflex,in which your foot kicks in response to a tap on your knee,is also known as a _________ reflex.

A) withdrawal
B) postural
C) patellar
D) polysynaptic

Question 52

As a result of an accident that occurred while playing football,Michael must wear a device known as a cervical collar until his injuries heal.Based on this information,we know that Michael injured his

A) shoulder
B) knee
C) neck
D) lower back

Question 53

Spinal neurons that pass motor information to the body's muscles may be found in _________ of the spinal cord.

A) the white matter
B) the dorsal horns
C) the ventral horns
D) both the dorsal and ventral horns

Question 54

The cochlear and vestibular nuclei are located in the

A) midbrain.
B) medulla.
C) pons.
D) cerebellum.

Question 55

The pons and cerebellum make up which of the following divisions?

A) telecephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) metencephalon

Question 56

Another name for the midbrain is the

A) myelencephalon.
B) metencephalon.
C) mesencephalon.
D) diencephalon.

Question 57

The correct order of the spinal divisions from rostral to caudal is:

A) cervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,coccygeal.
B) cervical,lumbar,thoracic,sacral,coccygeal.
C) thoracic,cervical,lumbar,sacral,coccygeal.
D) cervical,thoracic,lumbar,coccygeal,sacral.

Question 58

The brainstem contains the

A) hindbrain only.
B) midbrain only.
C) hindbrain and midbrain.
D) hindbrain,midbrain,and forebrain.

Question 59

Julie's physician tells her that she damaged a disk in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.It is likely that Julie sought medical advice due to pain she experienced in her

A) neck
B) upper back
C) shoulder
D) lower back

Question 60

The myelencephalon and metencephalon are located in the

A) hindbrain.
B) midbrain.
C) forebrain.
D) cerebellum.

Question 61

Our enjoyment of a good surround sound system,which makes it seem like sounds are coming from different directions in our environment,depends on our

A) superior colliculi.
B) inferior colliculi.
C) periaqueductal gray.
D) substantia nigra.

Question 62

Katie has a tumor that is disrupting her ability to maintain her body temperature.Near which of the following structures is Katie's tumor most likely to be located?

A) hypothalamus
B) periaqueductal gray
C) locus coeruleus
D) raphe nuclei

Question 63

The dorsal portion of the midbrain is also known as the

A) tegmentum.
B) tectum.
C) cerebral aqueduct.
D) reticular formation.

Question 64

The locus coeruleus is located in the

A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) midbrain.
D) cerebellum.

Question 65

Alcohol interferes with skilled movements primarily through its action on the

A) reticular formation.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) medulla.

Question 66

Major regulatory functions,including hunger,thirst,sex,and temperature control,are managed primarily by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 67

A pathway considered important to our experience of reward and pleasure originates in the ventral tegmentum.Where would we look to find this area?

A) in the spinal cord
B) in the hindbrain
C) in the midbrain
D) in the forebrain

Question 68

Stanley is experiencing ongoing degeneration in his cerebellum.Consequently,which of the following behaviors may become progressively more difficult for him?

A) breathing
B) maintaining a normal core body temperature
C) sleeping
D) speaking clearly

Question 69

Which of the following structures is found in humans,but not in other animals?

A) periaqueductal gray
B) the superior colliculi
C) the neodentate nucleus
D) the substantia nigra

Question 70

Several visual reflexes are managed by the

A) red nucleus.
B) periaqueductal gray.
C) superior colliculi.
D) inferior colliculi.

Question 71

The basal ganglia,substantia nigra,and red nucleus are important for which of the following functions?

A) memory
B) motor control
C) sympathetic nervous system control
D) emotion

Question 72

The reticular formation is located in the

A) medulla.
B) medulla and pons.
C) pons.
D) medulla,pons,and midbrain.

Question 73

Autism is frequently associated with abnormalities in the

A) cerebellum.
B) reticular formation.
C) medulla.
D) vestibular nuclei.

Question 74

The diencephalon contains which of the following structures?

A) the thalamus and hypothalamus
B) the thalamus and the basal ganglia
C) the inferior and superior colliculi
D) the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia

Question 75

Your textbook tells you that the medulla,like the spinal cord,contains large quantities of white matter.This means that

A) the medulla contains large numbers of nuclei which control breathing and other vital functions that are mediated by the spinal cord.
B) many axons travel through the medulla,just like they do through the spinal cord.
C) there is a great deal of material in both the spinal cord and medulla,the functions of which we do not understand.
D) many reflexes are controlled by the medulla and the spinal cord.

Question 76

Before proceeding to the cerebral cortex,input from most sensory systems converges on the

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 77

Which of the following structures are important to the regulation of mood,arousal,and sleep?

A) the vestibular nucleus and the cochlear nucleus
B) the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus
C) the red nucleus and substantia nigra
D) periaqueductal gray and the red nucleus

Question 78

Which of the following structures does not contain any parts of the reticular formation?

A) the midbrain
B) the diencephalon
C) the medulla
D) the hindbrain

Question 79

The cerebral aqueduct links the

A) third and fourth ventricles.
B) two lateral ventricles.
C) fourth ventricle and the spinal canal.
D) fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space.

Question 80

Which of the following structures participates in our experience of pain?

A) the red nucleus
B) the substantia nigra
C) periaqueductal gray
D) the superior colliculi