Deck 11: Sleep and Waking

Question 1

If you miss sleep during the week,

A) sleeping extra on the weekend is unlikely to make up for any deficits.
B) sleeping extra on the weekend will make up for any deficits.
C) napping for a few afternoons can make up for any deficits.
D) you don't need to worry,as sleep deficits have little impact on human behavior.

Answer 1

sleeping extra on the weekend is unlikely to make up for any deficits.

Question 2

Evening and night shift workers experience

A) increased health problems,including higher rates of breast cancer.
B) increased mild health problems,such as more frequent colds.
C) about the same rate of health problems as workers on typical day shifts.
D) decreased health problems,as they are able to obtain greater amounts of sleep.

Answer 2

increased health problems,including higher rates of breast cancer.

Question 3

Changing school start times to later in the morning

A) has little effect on school performance of children and teens.
B) boosts school performance of elementary students,but has no effect on teens and young adults.
C) improves school performance of teens and young adults.
D) decreases school performance of teens and young adults.

Answer 3

improves school performance of teens and young adults.

Question 4

Industrial accident rates

A) do not vary according to workers' shifts.
B) are highest during the day.
C) are highest in the evening.
D) are highest at night.

Question 5

The free running daily cycle of human beings is _________ hours long.

A) between 22 and 23
B) between 23 and 24
C) between 24 and 25
D) more than 30

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

A) sleep-waking cycles
B) menstrual cycles
C) seasonal migration
D) mating seasons

Question 7

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the

A) midbrain
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) medulla

Question 8

Andrew is an officer on a nuclear submarine that on occasion stays submerged for months,preventing any exposure to natural sunlight.To help maintain his normal sleeping habits,Andrew should

A) not worry about sleep,because his internal biological clocks can function perfectly in the absence of sunlight.
B) not try to go to sleep unless he can barely keep his eyes open.
C) nap for 15-20-minute intervals once per day.
D) maintain a regular schedule of eating and physical activity.

Question 9

External cues,such as the rising of the sun,used by animals to establish daily rhythms are known as

A) phase shifts.
B) zeitgebers.
C) entrainment signals.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 10

Great Aunt Mary has always been a "lark," getting up early,working busily during the day and then going to bed relatively early.She recently had a slight stroke,and the only thing that seems different about her is that her normal periods of sleeping and waking have changed.Now,you never know when she will get up or when she will go to bed,and she is often up half the night but sleeping during the day.Given what you have learned about sleep and waking,which one of the following brain areas might have been affected by her stroke?

A) the rubrospinal tract
B) the retinohypothalamic pathway
C) the mesolimbicstriatal pathway
D) the thalamopituitary pathway

Question 11

Current research suggests that Americans

A) are getting just about the right amount of sleep.
B) are sleeping more than the amount that is considered healthy.
C) are sleeping less than the amount that is considered healthy.
D) sleep too little during the work week,but maintain a healthy lifestyle by catching up on sleep over the weekend.

Question 12

Cells forming the retinohypothalamic pathway contain

A) rhodopsin,the same photopigment found in rods.
B) a variety of color photopigments.
C) no photopigments.
D) the photopigment melanopsin.

Question 13

Sleep deprivation is

A) not a serious problem,as research indicates that few adults ever experience too little sleep.
B) not a serious problem,as individuals who set records for sleep deprivation suffer few ill effects.
C) a serious problem for individual health,but rarely results in consequences that affect other people.
D) a serious problem,as it is quite common and has been implicated in a number of disastrous decisions affecting large numbers of people.

Question 14

Which structure is responsible for "setting" your circadian rhythms?

A) the pons
B) the occipital cortex
C) the thalamus
D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 15

During adolescence,most people

A) continue their previous patterns of sleep and waking.
B) require less sleep than at other points in the lifespan.
C) temporarily act like "larks."
D) temporarily act like "owls."

Question 16

Axons forming the retinohypothalamic pathway originate in

A) cells within the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) cells within the pineal gland.
C) non-image forming ganglion cells in the retina.
D) color-sensitive ganglion cells in the retina.

Question 17

You've been fortunate enough to be able to travel to sunny Balboa Island,California,for a week of spring break from your school in New York.What can you expect to be your experience with jet lag?

A) Nothing much-the whole issue of jet lag is rather exaggerated.
B) After a day or two,your sleep cycle will be fine,but you still might not feel totally "with it" due to some internal adjustments that seem to be lagging.
C) After a day or two,your whole body will be totally adjusted and you'll feel fine.
D) You'll have a great deal of trouble adjusting when you first arrive in California,and you'll find that adjusting to your return to New York will be much easier.

Question 18

Chronic jet lag produces

A) memory deficits.
B) reduced need for sleep.
C) increases in NREM.
D) no observable symptoms.

Question 19

Jet lag is

A) worse when one travels in an eastward direction.
B) worse when one travels in a westward direction.
C) worse when one travels in a northward direction.
D) dependent on distance traveled,not direction.

Question 20

Sleep patterns are most likely to change at puberty due to:

A) social pressures to stay out late with friends.
B) a drop in the production of melatonin.
C) the need to sleep more due to the adolescent growth spurt.
D) changes in physical activity and eating patterns.

Question 21

In fruit flies,levels of the proteins per and tim are highest during which of the stages illustrated in this figure?

A) Number 1
B) Number 2
C) Number 3
D) Number 4

Question 22

Stephanie,who lives in California,is preparing to compete in track and field at the Olympics in London.She plans to arrive in London

A) several weeks before competing,because her peripheral clocks in her muscles and lungs take longer than her suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)to adjust to a new time zone.
B) several weeks before competing,because her SCN requires this time in order to adjust to the new time zone.
C) a couple of days before competing,because her SCN and peripheral clocks only require a short time to adjust to the new time zone.
D) a couple of days before competing,because eastern travel is easier on her SCN and peripheral clocks than the western travel she experienced competing in Beijing.

Question 23

In fruit flies,per and tim protein:

A) inhibit the clock protein.
B) promote the production of the clock protein.
C) are inhibited by the clock protein.
D) inhibit the production of each other and the clock protein.

Question 24

The origin of the SCN's rhythms may be

A) exposure to the mother's rhythms in utero.
B) input from the retinohypothalamic tract.
C) exposure to melatonin.
D) oscillations of protein production and degradation.

Question 25

Release of melatonin is suppressed by

A) exposure of the animal to light.
B) exposure of the animal to darkness.
C) input from peripheral clocks.
D) input from the superior colliculi.

Question 26

As per and tim proteins degrade over time,

A) the clock protein is inhibited,leading to greater production of per and tim.
B) the clock protein is activated,leading to greater production of per and tim.
C) more melatonin is released by the pineal gland,leading to greater production of per and tim.
D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is inhibited,leading to less production of per and tim.

Question 27

Melatonin is released during the

A) day in diurnal species and during the night in nocturnal species.
B) day in nocturnal species and during the night in diurnal species.
C) day in both diurnal and noctural species.
D) night in both diurnal and noctural species.

Question 28

The pathways labeled number 2 and number 3 in this illustration originate in the

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
B) preoptic area (POA).
C) retina.
D) basal forebrain.

Question 29

John travels frequently to distant parts of the globe.He believes that adjusting his mealtimes to the destination time zone is helpful in dealing with jet lag.After studying the material in your textbook,you tell John that

A) he's wasting his time,as adjusting his mealtimes will have little if any effect on jet lag.
B) he should expect some benefits,as his suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is very responsive to changes in physical activity and feeding patterns.
C) he should expect some benefits,as his peripheral clocks should respond to changes in physical activity and feeding patterns.
D) this is a highly effective strategy,because both his SCN and peripheral clocks are highly sensitive to changes in physical activity and feeding patterns.

Question 30

If suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)tissue is transplanted from a short-period hamster into a normal hamster,

A) no change can be observed.
B) the normal hamster will show 20-hour cycles.
C) the normal hamster will show 24-hour cycles.
D) the normal hamster will show 25-hour cycles.

Question 31

Courtney believes that pulling regular "all-nighters" is an important part of being a college student and she frequently goes all night without any sleep at all.What else does this tell us about Courtney?

A) She probably is just one of those people who doesn't need much sleep.
B) She is a conscientious student who probably has a very high grade point average.
C) She probably has a lower grade point average than most of her classmates and often feels depressed.
D) She has probably maintained this same pattern of sleeping since childhood.

Question 32

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A) is the only biological clock in the body.
B) is one of multiple,independent biological clocks in the body.
C) may be viewed as the body's "master clock."
D) responds more slowly to phase shifts than clocks in other types of tissue.

Question 33

Melatonin tells the animal that it is now

A) time to sleep.
B) time to wake up.
C) daylight.
D) night.

Question 34

Cortisol levels are

A) highest in the morning.
B) highest midday.
C) highest in the evening.
D) stable throughout the day.

Question 35

In alternative medicine,melatonin may be used to

A) increase vigilance and arousal.
B) treat jet lag and insomnia.
C) reduce appetite.
D) prevent nightmares.

Question 36

A blood clot recently formed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Sam's hypothalamus.Fortunately,the clot was contained and he seems to be doing very well.However,there has been a change in his behavior.What might you expect that change to be?

A) He has problems remembering names and faces.
B) His vision is slightly blurred all the time.
C) He seems to have problems with going to sleep and waking up at normal times.
D) His muscular coordination is not as good as it used to be.

Question 37

Melatonin is secreted by the

A) superior colliculi.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the pineal gland.

Question 38

What can we conclude from experiments in which isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)tissue was maintained in a petri dish?

A) The SCN cannot maintain normal rhythmicity without input from the retinohypothalamic pathway.
B) The SCN cannot maintain normal rhythmicity without the influence of melatonin.
C) The SCN regulates other internal clocks,but requires their input in order to maintain normal rhythmicity.
D) The SCN can maintain normal rhythmicity without any input.

Question 39

Which of the following is an accurate description of the effects of zeitgebers on the body's internal clocks?

A) Both the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)and peripheral clocks are affected more by light than any other type of zeitgeber.
B) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is more affected by light,whereas the peripheral clocks are more affected by physical activity and feeding patterns.
C) The peripheral clocks are more affected by light,whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is more affected by physical activity and feeding patterns.
D) Both the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)and peripheral clocks are affected more by physical activity and feeding patterns than by light.

Question 40

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is active during the

A) day for diurnal species and during the night for nocturnal species.
B) day for nocturnal species and during the night for diurnal species.
C) day for both diurnal and nocturnal species.
D) night for both diurnal and nocturnal species.

Question 41

K-complexes occur

A) during episodes of myoclonia.
B) throughout all sleep stages,but primarily during REM.
C) in response to awakening.
D) spontaneously and in response to unexpected stimuli.

Question 42

Compared with Stage 3 NREM,Stage 4 NREM

A) has a larger proportion of delta waves.
B) includes more sleep spindles.
C) has a larger proportion of theta waves.
D) is often accompanied by myoclonia.

Question 43

Throughout the night's sleep,periods of REM sleep occur about every _________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 180

Question 44

The majority of time during a typical night's sleep is spent in _________ sleep.

A) Stage 1 NREM.
B) Stage 2 NREM.
C) Stages 3 and 4 NREM.
D) REM

Question 45

Desynchronous activity recorded by EEG is correlated with

A) coma.
B) Stages 3 and 4 of NREM.
C) sleepwalking.
D) alertness.

Question 46

K-complexes occur during _________ sleep.

A) REM
B) Stage 1 NREM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Stages 3 and 4 NREM

Question 47

The transition from drowsy wakefulness to Stage 1 NREM sleep can usually be determined by the presence of more _________ wave activity.

A) beta
B) delta
C) alpha
D) theta

Question 48

Joseph is participating in an EEG study at his university,and the researcher has just asked him to perform some difficult calculations in his head.Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Joseph's brain during this task?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) delta

Question 49

Seasonal affective disorder may involve irregularities in the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) glutamate.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

Question 50

Jessica just watched an extremely scary video with her friends and is now finding it very difficult to get to sleep,even though she knows that she is very tired.It is most likely that Jessica's sleeplessness is related to increases in the release of

A) melatonin.
B) cortisol.
C) dopamine.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 51

The stress of crossing multiple time zones during air travel may

A) increase the release of melatonin.
B) decrease the release of melatonin.
C) increase the release of cortisol.
D) decrease the release of cortisol.

Question 52

Seasonal affective disorder is more common during the

A) summer near the equator.
B) winter near the equator.
C) summer at higher latitudes.
D) winter at higher latitudes.

Question 53

Human ultradian cycles are about _________ minutes long.

A) 10-30
B) 30-60
C) 60-90
D) 90-120

Question 54

Megan is participating in an EEG study at her university.Currently,she is awake,relaxed,and staring out the window while the technician takes some baseline readings.Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Megan's brain at this time?

A) beta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) theta waves.
D) delta waves.

Question 55

Waking is associated with

A) alpha waves only.
B) beta waves only.
C) alternations between alpha and beta waves.
D) alternations between alpha and theta waves.

Question 56

Which is the correct order of brain waves associated with the highest to lowest levels of alertness?

A) beta,alpha,theta,delta
B) alpha,beta,theta,delta
C) alpha,beta,delta,theta
D) delta,theta,alpha,beta

Question 57

EEG recordings during REM sleep are similar to _________ waves.

A) beta and alpha
B) beta and theta
C) alpha and theta
D) theta and delta

Question 58

Myoclonia is usually observed during

A) waking.
B) Stage 1 NREM sleep.
C) Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 59

Research comparing rates of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)in Canada and Iceland has demonstrated that

A) all populations living at high latitudes are equally likely to experience SAD.
B) more Canadians experience SAD than Icelanders,suggesting that Icelanders may have developed some genetic protections against SAD.
C) more Icelanders experience SAD than Canadians,suggesting that Canadians may have developed some genetic protections against SAD.
D) native Icelanders or Canadians were unlikely to experience SAD,but people who immigrate to those countries are extremely vulnerable to SAD.

Question 60

Seasonal affective disorder is usually treated by

A) keeping the patient in a dark room during the day for a few days.
B) administering cortisol.
C) exposing the patient to very bright lights.
D) administering stimulant medication.

Question 61

Which of the following theorists would predict that sprinkling water on sleeping people would make them dream about rain?

A) Calvin Hall
B) Hobson and McCarley
C) Crick and Mitchison
D) Winson

Question 62

Dreams during NREM sleep are

A) nonexistent.
B) vivid,unrealistic,and storylike.
C) logical and not very emotional.
D) associated with nightmares.

Question 63

The frequency of nightmares

A) is unrelated to a person's mental health.
B) is higher after puberty than before puberty.
C) can be increased by viewing frightening videos or experiencing natural disasters.
D) is higher in men than in women.

Question 64

Which of the following theorists view(s)dreaming as the brain's way of discarding unnecessary information?

A) Calvin Hall
B) Hobson and McCarley
C) Crick and Mitchison
D) Winson

Question 65

Your grandmother has recently been complaining about not sleeping well and not feeling rested.Given what you learned in this chapter on sleep and waking,what would be the BEST advice you could give her (other than to see her doctor for a checkup,of course)?

A) Make sure she eats an evening meal low in carbohydrates to minimize production of serotonin.
B) Put the television in her bedroom and tell her to fall asleep watching the evening news.
C) Begin to walk every day,building up to about 45 minutes to an hour a day,and keep active doing things in which she is interested.
D) The first thing she should do is get sleeping pills from her doctor and take them every night.

Question 66

The sleep of seniors may be more easily disrupted due to less frequent

A) REM episodes.
B) sleep spindles.
C) K-complexes.
D) myoclonia.

Question 67

Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep occur

A) every 90 minutes or so throughout the night's sleep.
B) primarily during the first four hours of sleep.
C) primarily during the second four hours of sleep.
D) more frequently as the night's sleep progresses.

Question 68

REM sleep can first be recorded in humans

A) prior to birth.
B) about 2 weeks after birth.
C) about 6 weeks after birth.
D) at about 1 year of age.

Question 69

Muscle paralysis is typical during

A) Stage 1 NREM sleep.
B) Stage 2 NREM sleep.
C) Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 70

At what age do humans show the highest proportion of delta wave activity?

A) one month prior to birth.
B) between the ages of 3 and 6 years.
C) during adolescence.
D) after the age of 55 years.

Question 71

Which of the following theorists believed that dreams were an evolutionary advance that allowed animals to process information during REM instead of while awake?

A) Calvin Hall
B) Hobson and McCarley
C) Crick and Mitchison
D) Winson

Question 72

Premature infants spend _________ than term infants.

A) more time in REM
B) less time in REM
C) more time in NREM
D) less time in NREM

Question 73

Night terrors usually occur during

A) Stages 1 or 2 NREM sleep.
B) Stages 3 or 4 NREM sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) the time immediately after awakening.

Question 74

Your roommate swears he never dreams.How might you prove differently to him?

A) Buy him a dream-catcher and hang it by his bed.
B) Keep him awake for 48 hours and then he would remember his dreams.
C) Have him concentrate on something he wants to dream about before he goes to sleep,and then see if he remembers dreaming when he wakes up.
D) Watch him sleep,and when his eyes begin to move under his closed eyelids,wake him up,and he will probably realize he was dreaming.

Question 75

Dreams during REM sleep are

A) nonexistent.
B) vivid,unrealistic,and storylike.
C) logical and not very emotional.
D) associated with night terrors.

Question 76

After the age of 25,people usually experience

A) increased amounts of REM sleep.
B) decreased amounts of REM sleep.
C) increased amounts of NREM.
D) decreased amounts of NREM.

Question 77

Nightmares occur during

A) Stages 1 or 2 NREM sleep.
B) Stages 3 or 4 NREM sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) the time immediately after awakening.

Question 78

According to Calvin Hall,we are more likely to dream about

A) familiar places and routine activities.
B) unfamiliar places and bizarre activities.
C) familiar people than imaginary strangers.
D) ourselves than other people.

Question 79

As the night progresses,

A) NREM sleep decreases and REM sleep increases.
B) REM sleep decreases and NREM sleep increases.
C) REM and NREM sleep both decrease.
D) REM and NREM sleep both increase.

Question 80

The threat simulation hypothesis of dreaming proposes that dreaming

A) is the brain's way to make sense out of the autonomic arousal that occurs during REM.
B) allows us to discard unnecessary information.
C) allows animals to process the day's events during sleep instead of during times when they need to feed and watch for predators.
D) provides us with a way to "practice" dealing with dangerous situations.