Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

What food messages do Barney and similar types of children's programming send to children about food?

A) Being big or overweight is shown and talked about as loveable.
B) "Always choose healthy foods" is the dominant message.
C) Junk foods like cookies and cakes are emphasized as much as nutritious foods.
D) The message is "limit snacks and eat proper, healthy meals."

Answer 1

Junk foods like cookies and cakes are emphasized as much as nutritious foods.

Question 2

Concerning milestones of physical development,a 2-year-old is NOT able to

A) run easily.
B) climb.
C) pick up small objects.
D) walk on tiptoe.

Answer 2

walk on tiptoe.

Question 3

Of the following,a 6-year-old would have the highest level of skill and confidence in

A) activities involving the small muscles of the hands and fingers.
B) large muscle activities such as running, jumping, climbing, and hopping.
C) manipulation of items such as paint brushes, chalk, crayons, and pencils.
D) using sports equipment such as bicycles, roller skates, skateboards, and snow skis.

Answer 3

large muscle activities such as running, jumping, climbing, and hopping.

Question 4

The term ________ is used to describe the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A) "synaptogenesis"
B) "myelinisation"
C) "domination"
D) "lateralization"

Question 5

Lara is able to hop,skip,and grasp a pencil maturely.According to the text,Lara is most likely to be

A) 2 years old.
B) 12 years old.
C) 5 years old.
D) 3 years old.

Question 6

The most common pattern for handedness is that

A) most people have right-brain lateralization for handedness.
B) most left-handers are left-brain dominant.
C) it is the result of genetic inheritance.
D) experience, rather than genetic factors, determines right-handedness.

Question 7

The developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization is

A) socialization in social and cultural norms.
B) learning and using language.
C) practicing locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative skills.
D) having diverse social experiences.

Question 8

Which of the following is accurate information regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?

A) Young children eat two thirds as much as adults.
B) The eating habits of early childhood are linked with weight problems later in life as metabolic rates can vary.
C) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other preferred food.
D) Many children don't consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.

Question 9

Our inability to recall much about the first three years of life is called

A) immature hippocampus syndrome.
B) infantile amnesia.
C) preverbal amnesia.
D) unconscious memory formation.

Question 10

Scientists believe that handedness is the result of

A) social experiences.
B) cultural norms.
C) genes.
D) physical experiences.

Question 11

Dr.Chin is giving 5-year-old Lucia a pre-kindergarten physical examination.When Dr.Chin asks Lucia to jump up and down and hop on one leg,Lucia's ________ is/are being examined.

A) intersensory integration
B) large muscle skills
C) habituation response
D) fine motor skills

Question 12

What predictions can be made about TV watching and children's health based on the Quebec Longitudinal Study of preschoolers?

A) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher rates of depression among preschoolers.
B) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher BMIs and snacking among preschoolers.
C) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with poor school adjustment among preschoolers.
D) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with body image negativity and higher rates of eating disorders.

Question 13

Neuroscientists believe that the determination of which functions will or will not be lateralized originates in our

A) social experiences.
B) cultural norms.
C) physical experiences.
D) genes.

Question 14

Manuel is 4 years old.He can participate in all the following activities EXCEPT

A) racing with his father to see who is fastest.
B) climbing up on the table to get an apple from a bowl.
C) picking up toys and other play items and placing them on shelves and in a toy box.
D) playing hopscotch, which requires skipping on alternating feet on a chalk pattern on the sidewalk

Question 15

Which of the following is a developmental outcome caused by Canada's obesogenic environment?

A) Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are on the rise among children under 10.
B) Children under 10 are becoming more health conscious and choosing healthy food over fast foods.
C) Obesity rates have significantly increased among children under 5.
D) Breast-fed children do not develop obesity.

Question 16

Myelinization of the reticular formation and the hippocampus in the brain probably accounts for improvements in ________ during early childhood.

A) sociability and altruism
B) locomotor and manipulative skills
C) grammar and vocabulary
D) attention and concentration

Question 17

The typical pattern of children's growth from age two to adolescence is

A) that they add approximately 11 cm of height and 4 kg of weight per year.
B) too variable to generalize because there is no common pattern of growth through this period.
C) much faster and greater than from birth to age 2.
D) that they add approximately 5-8 cm of height and 2.7 kg of weight per year.

Question 18

Overconsumption and _______ are the main cornerstones of obesity.

A) heredity
B) video games
C) junk food
D) a sedentary lifestyle

Question 19

Early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for ________,in comparison to any other period of life.

A) the skeletal system
B) the corpus callosum
C) manipulative skills
D) synaptogenesis

Question 20

Roberta has just turned 2 years old.Which of the following activities would she be able to do?

A) turn the pages of one of her story books
B) play hopscotch with her older sister
C) hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing
D) colour between the lines in her colouring book

Question 21

According to Piaget,at about age 2,children begin to use ________ in their thinking.

A) comparisons
B) inflections
C) operations
D) symbols

Question 22

Tovah loves playing in the rain.She loves catching raindrops on her tongue,splashing puddles as hard as she can,and stirring mud with a stick.Tovah is engaging in ________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) gender-role
C) sociodramatic
D) constructive

Question 23

Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child will be abused?

A) having higher intelligence
B) being taller and heavier than age peers
C) having a high activity level
D) having a developmental delay/disability

Question 24

In Canada,child maltreatment is most often perpetrated by

A) stepmothers/common-law partners.
B) stepfathers/common-law partners.
C) biological mothers.
D) biological fathers.

Question 25

All the following characteristics are associated with an increased risk that a parent will be abusive EXCEPT

A) a history of abuse
B) substance abuse
C) depression
D) full-time employment

Question 26

The young child's tendency to understand and think about the world in terms of one variable at a time,such as all moving objects must be animals,is an example of Piaget's concept of

A) egocentrism.
B) centration.
C) conservation.
D) compensation.

Question 27

The article "Unintentional Injuries in Canadian Preschoolers" in the text stated that

A) knowledge of home safety rules was directly linked to the incidence of injury.
B) maintaining close proximity to the child has no effect on the incidence of injury.
C) even though parents are more likely to expect that boys will be injured, they are less likely to intervene in boys' activities.
D) girls received more encouragement and direct instructions.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?

A) the belief that children have rights
B) the belief that children are property
C) social norms for humane treatment of children
D) stressful employment conditions

Question 29

Children who experience frequent,profound,or multiple types of abuse may be more vulnerable to developing

A) schizophrenia.
B) psychosis.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) ADHD.

Question 30

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher rates of child injury?

A) the time period of April to October
B) the afternoon time period
C) being a boy
D) parents who practice higher levels of protective supervision

Question 31

A disorder characterized by extreme levels of anxiety,flashback memories of episodes of abuse,nightmares,and sleep disturbance is called

A) acute reactive depression.
B) panic and anxiety disorder.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 32

The children on Green Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearby construction site.This is an example of

A) constructive play.
B) sensorimotor play.
C) sociodramatic play.
D) substitute pretend play.

Question 33

All of the following are reasons why boys have higher rates of injury EXCEPT

A) parents give boys more freedom to roam.
B) parents expect boys to play independently and with less supervision than girls.
C) boys are clumsier.
D) parents assume boys will take more risks.

Question 34

Lucas slashes the air with a stick he calls his "power sword." This is an example of

A) associative play.
B) substitute pretend play.
C) first pretend play.
D) sensorimotor play.

Question 35

Susie and Sally and their cousins Samuel and Stanley are playing "wedding." They are using lace curtains for the bride's dress,and each person has a role to play.This is an example of

A) sensorimotor play.
B) sociodramatic play.
C) constructive play.
D) first pretend play.

Question 36

A young child's belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does is known as

A) "egocentrism."
B) "conservation."
C) "metacognition."
D) "false belief principle."

Question 37

Jayshree loves to play with her toy telephone.When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi!" she is engaging in

A) substitute pretend play.
B) rule-governed play.
C) first pretend play.
D) sensorimotor play.

Question 38

Brownell's research suggests that when a child of 3 years of age plays and talks differently to a younger child or a handicapped child than he does with a peer or an older child,this is evidence of

A) advanced cognitive development.
B) temperament.
C) perspective-taking ability.
D) parental influence.

Question 39

Brain differences in children with PTSD resulting from trauma showed

A) more left brain arousal which allows emotional detachment and verbal processing of the trauma.
B) an enlarged hippocampus, where memory is stored.
C) an enlarged amygdala, which regulates negative emotions.
D) more right brain arousal which processes non-verbal information.

Question 40

Tara watches her sister Mia,age 9,cry because Mia was not invited to a birthday party for a friend.Based on her understanding of the concept of loss associated with sadness,how old is Tara?

A) 12-18 months
B) 2-3 years old
C) 4-5 years old
D) 5-6 years old

Question 41

The young child's tendency to think about the world in terms of one variable at a time,such as the notion that all moving objects are animals,is an example of

A) egocentric thought.
B) centration.
C) conservation.
D) locomotion capacity.

Question 42

A group of 5- to 6-year-olds are playing the game Red Rover because they prefer formal games.This is a form of

A) constructive play.
B) first pretend play.
C) substitute play.
D) rule-governed play.

Question 43

The children who live on Yonge Street are playing "store" today.They use empty cans,boxes,and bags as groceries,and they stack the items on shelves formed from cardboard boxes.Susie is the store-owner,Muhammed delivers ice cream,and Shelly brings her baby to the store.What is the most developmentally advanced level of play represented in this scenario?

A) sensorimotor play
B) sociodramatic play
C) constructive play
D) first pretend play

Question 44

According to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development,which of the following is not a stage in cognitive development from birth to age 7?

A) egocentric speech stage
B) conservation stage
C) ingrowth stage
D) naive psychology stage

Question 45

Joey has an iDog that dances to music when it is plugged into a computer.Joey believes the dog is alive because it moves.Joey's thinking demonstrates Piaget's concept of _______,seen in young children.

A) conservation
B) animism
C) compensation
D) locomotion capacity awareness

Question 46

The term _____________ is used to describe when children categorically link new words to the real objects and events that the words refer to.

A) "inferring"
B) "language explosion"
C) "inflections"
D) "fast-mapping"

Question 47

A child's development of a theory of mind may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

A) sensorimotor play.
B) language skills.
C) pretend play that is shared with other children.
D) discussion of emotion-provoking past events with parents.

Question 48

Grasping the false belief principle enables a child to

A) know when someone is lying.
B) learn not to trust all adults.
C) determine when something is not what it seems to be.
D) understand what influences other people's thinking.

Question 49

According to Vygotsky,a 3-year-old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems,such as saying "Put it there" to himself as he builds a tower of blocks,is using

A) dialogic communication.
B) naive psychology.
C) egocentric speech.
D) social speech.

Question 50

In one of Piaget's classic experiments,a child was shown a three-dimensional scene featuring different sizes and colours of mountains.The child was able choose a drawing that best represented the mountain scene as she saw it,but was unable to choose a drawing that reflected how someone else might see the mountain from a different perspective.The child's inability to take another's perspective indicates

A) inability to think symbolically.
B) breakdown of social referencing.
C) egocentrism.
D) failure to conserve.

Question 51

If a child is using verb forms or verb tenses (such as "eating" or "ate" from the verb "to eat"),then the child is using

A) holophrases.
B) overgeneralization.
C) appropriate extension.
D) inflections.

Question 52

A ________ is a set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people's ideas,beliefs,desires,and behaviours.

A) metamemory
B) theory of mind
C) perspective
D) metacognition

Question 53

A child's ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking is

A) critical thinking.
B) conservation.
C) metacognition.
D) intelligence.

Question 54

Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function is known as

A) metacognition.
B) metamemory.
C) conservation.
D) critical thinking.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the first sentences that usually occur when children are around two years of age?

A) They usually include nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
B) They usually include plurals and past tenses.
C) They are usually two to three words.
D) They are created according to rules.

Question 56

Language skills,such as knowledge of words like "want," "need," "think," or "remember" are related to ____________________ development.

A) theory of mind
B) appearance and reality
C) conservation
D) egocentrism

Question 57

According to Piaget,accomplishment of conservation

A) requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics.
B) means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume when water is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass.
C) rarely occurs before age 9.
D) requires the ability to see the perspective of others.

Question 58

Gabriella believes that when she spreads out her pennies across the table,she actually has more pennies than if they were in one small pile.Gabriella has not achieved

A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) false belief principle.
D) theory of mind.

Question 59

According to Case's neo-Piagetian explanation of children's cognitive development,the key limitation in the cognitive ability of a younger child,compared to an older child,is the younger child's

A) less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes.
B) greater egocentrism.
C) fewer and less diverse educational and social experiences.
D) undeveloped theory of mind.

Question 60

Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English,according to Roger Brown?

A) "I ran."
B) "A cat."
C) "Doggie running."
D) "Come in."

Question 61

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of the reaction range with regard to IQ?

A) A child's IQ score was 150 at age 6 and 155 at age 8.
B) A child's IQ test result could range from 100 to 125 points.
C) A child's IQ test result could range from 130 to 135 points.
D) A child's IQ score was 125, and when she tested after an illness the score was 115.

Question 62

Language functions that enable humans to understand the meanings of words and the structure of sentences are carried out in the right hemisphere of the brain.

Question 63

A child's rate of growth in height and weight is faster during the toddler and preschool years than in infancy.

Question 64

Eleanor Thomas measured five domains of readiness for 3-5 year-olds to learn at school.These domains included all of the following except:

A) language and communication skill
B) academic skill
C) self-regulation of learning
D) reaction range

Question 65

Malcolm Gladwell contends that one of the reasons that Chinese children have an early advantage in mastering math skills is due to

A) cultural reinforcement.
B) shorter word lengths to identify numbers.
C) parental expectations.
D) brain structure differences due to expanded short-term memory capacity.

Question 66

Longitudinal studies have indicated that all of the following factors influence language and cognitive development in children EXCEPT

A) having a teenage mother.
B) the number of linguistic and social toys available to the child.
C) culture.
D) socio-economic level.

Question 67

Compared with boys,girls enter school with all of the following skills except:

A) better communication skills
B) stronger abilities in copying and symbol use
C) higher scores in attention and self-control of impulsive behaviour
D) higher levels of curiosity

Question 68

Children whose IQ scores are below ________ may be referred to as intellectually delayed or having a developmental disability,and those who score above ________ are often called gifted.

A) 70; 130
B) 70; 130 and are creative
C) 100; 200
D) 70; 130.

Question 69

60 % of IQ influence is attributed to which of the following?

A) Heredity
B) Environment or family influence
C) Peer interactions
D) Poverty

Question 70

The best way to help a child increase both receptive and expressive language is to

A) read a story to the child.
B) read a story to the child and talk about the story.
C) read a story and ask the child questions about the story.
D) read a story several times to the child.

Question 71

The term ________ is used to describe a child's sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to her language.

A) "dialogic sensitivity"
B) "operational efficiency"
C) "oral inflection"
D) "phonological awareness"

Question 72

Even though intelligence is highly heritable,the person's score within the ________ is determined by the environment.

A) range of operational efficiency
B) reaction range
C) internal model of intellect
D) genotype and phenotype

Question 73

Concordia studies suggest that young children have the capacity and interest to understand math concepts and numbers.All of the following activities are good ways for parents to incorporate math concepts into everyday life EXCEPT

A) board games with dice
B) pouring and measuring in cooking and food preparation
C) setting the table
D) including the child in budget discussions and banking transactions regarding the family's finances

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the stability of children's IQ scores is NOT correct?

A) Younger children often seem more intelligent than they are, and IQ scores on later tests typically move down to a more accurate stable level.
B) Many children show quite wide fluctuations in their IQ scores.
C) IQ scores can fluctuate as a result of stresses, such as parental divorce, change in schools, or birth of a sibling.
D) The older the child, the more stable the IQ score.

Question 75

Children who were enrolled in Head Start or a similar enriched preschool program

A) typically have adult IQ scores that are approximately 10 points higher than the IQ scores of adults who did not have an enriched educational program as a child.
B) are more likely to form secure attachments with teachers and other school officials.
C) show no gains or positive effects beyond first grade as a result of their experiences.
D) are more likely to achieve success in school and to graduate from high school.

Question 76

Marta smiled for her Mom and said,"See I have 3 teeths!" This is an example of

A) complex sentences.
B) overregularization.
C) inflections.
D) phonology.

Question 77

When Gregoriev says,"My doggie runned away," he is using

A) dialogic meaning.
B) overextension of class.
C) overregularization.
D) extended word meaning.

Question 78

Measures of skills like capacity,creativity,social sense,and so forth

A) are included in modern, more holistic IQ measures.
B) have now been included in tests of intelligence.
C) are not necessary to measure, because they do not predict future success.
D) are not measured in standard IQ tests and are a limitation of the IQ testing process.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the NLSCY's findings about school readiness among Canadian children?

A) On variables they rated, boys had more school-readiness skills overall than girls.
B) Early daily activities like reading, exposure to sports and arts, and positive parent/child interaction can ameliorate risks generally associated with low-income environments.
C) Expectations for school-readiness skills are too high for children under 5 and are more appropriate for children 5 to 6 years.
D) Programs like Aboriginal Head Start and HighScope produced temporary but no long-term gains or benefits.

Question 80

Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are.They also have found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents.These research results suggest

A) that intelligence has a strong genetic component.
B) that a child's biological heritage predicts her lifetime patterns of achievement and accomplishment.
C) that a child's intellectual capacity is fixed at birth.
D) that environment has no impact upon IQ.