Deck 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children's global self-evaluation,which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are,is termed

A) intrapersonal perception.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-construct.
D) introspective assessment.

Answer 1

self-esteem.

Question 2

Self-esteem is influenced by the

A) discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is.
B) sum total of the assessments the child makes about her skills.
C) addition of all of the positive assessments minus the negative ones.
D) relationship between the child's physical abilities and the cultural expectations of her.

Answer 2

discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is.

Question 3

Albert Bandura included these three factors in his reciprocal model of interactive components that shape development.

A) environment, behaviour, and personal factors
B) genetics, environment, and behaviour
C) social relationships, behaviour, and genetics
D) personal factors, social behaviour, and environment

Answer 3

environment, behaviour, and personal factors

Question 4

Researchers have determined that there are several key influences upon a child's self-esteem.Two important influences are the overall sense of support the child feels she receives from important people and

A) the feedback she receives from teachers.
B) her socioeconomic status.
C) her appearance relative to her peers.
D) the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved.

Question 5

Eleven-year-old Robert is described by his family and friends as anxious,tense,and self-pitying.Robert likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) introversion.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 6

A global evaluation of one's own worth is known as

A) self-perception.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-evaluation.

Question 7

Which of the following factors is least likely to influence a child's self-esteem?

A) knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem
B) the labels and judgments of others regarding the child's attributes and abilities
C) whether peers and parents value or feel positively about specific skills, attributes, or characteristics
D) the child's own direct experiences with successes or failures in various aspects of her life

Question 8

A 6-year-old's description of another person,in comparison to a 10-year-old's description,would

A) include primarily internal, abstract characteristics.
B) be more truthful.
C) be focused on external, concrete features.
D) be less kind.

Question 9

According to Freud's view,what is the developmental task of children in middle childhood?

A) to expand their sexual-role identities
B) to develop friendships and social skills
C) to develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally defined learning goals
D) to re-negotiate relationships and attachment bonds with parents

Question 10

A 12-year-old's self-concept is more likely to ______compared to that of a 6-year-old child's.

A) be simple
B) focus on surface characteristics
C) include psychological factors
D) be concrete

Question 11

Avery is a 12-year-old female.She spends most of her social time hanging out with girls her own age.Freud would say Avery is at which stage of her psychosexual development?

A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 12

The child who says,"My friend is very smart and he is more helpful than I am" is most likely _______ than the child who describes his best friend by saying,"My friend has a fast bike."

A) smarter
B) more observant
C) more socially adaptive
D) older

Question 13

Considering the Big Five personality traits,a child who is extroverted has which of the following qualities?

A) is affectionate and forgiving
B) is artistic and curious
C) is efficient and organized
D) is active and assertive

Question 14

Differences in esteem are derived from

A) one's experience with success or failure.
B) the value attached to some skill/quality by peers or family.
C) the labels and judgments that come from others.
D) all of the above

Question 15

According to Erikson,the psychosocial crisis of children in middle childhood is

A) latency versus sexual development.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 16

Ten-year-old Amandeep is described by her family and friends as affectionate,trusting,kind,and sympathetic.Amandeep most likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) openness.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 17

Which of the following children's statements illustrates the use of a psychological construct in describing an individual?

A) "She lives in a really nice house."
B) "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish."
C) "Her bike is newer than anyone's."
D) "He has brown hair."

Question 18

Social-learning theorist Albert Bandura would say that children learn moral behaviour from

A) internalizing moral standards.
B) discipline.
C) observing others.
D) appropriately administered reinforcements and punishments.

Question 19

Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward,and as a consequence,he has little athletic ability.How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem?

A) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents value athleticism.
D) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.

Question 20

According to Erikson,children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood in the forum of

A) school.
B) relationships with parents and siblings.
C) friendships with others.
D) the neighbourhood or community.

Question 21

A 6-year-old describing someone as tall,and with brown hair and a red shirt is an example of the typical 6-year-old's focus on

A) inner qualities or traits.
B) dimension (size, colour, etc.) traits.
C) external traits.
D) personal comparison traits.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation?

A) the degree of self-regulation expected by the parents
B) authoritative parenting
C) the parents' own ability to self-regulate
D) the parents' ages

Question 23

The degree to which this child's social self-assessment affects his/her self-esteem is influenced by how much she values social

A) concepts.
B) interactions.
C) community.
D) skills and popularity.

Question 24

As relationships mature,6- to 12-year-olds

A) continue to need attachment to parents.
B) ignore siblings.
C) tease friends.
D) berate others.

Question 25

The stage of moral development when children figure out that you cannot get punished unless you get caught is

A) moral realism.
B) moral relativism.
C) moral indignity.
D) moral reality.

Question 26

The biggest shift in relationships during middle childhood is

A) to gender-integrated friendships.
B) the weakening of the attachment to parents.
C) from extensive to intensive social relationships.
D) the increasing centrality of the peer group.

Question 27

As children successively learn and grow through the school age years,they become

A) more independent.
B) less stable.
C) more dependent.
D) less family oriented.

Question 28

Kristin describes her friend as kind,loyal,and the smartest student in their class.Based on this description,what age group does Kristin likely belong to?

A) preschool
B) early childhood
C) preadolescent
D) adolescent

Question 29

A(n)______school setting is a setting where teachers and children learn together,share in decision-making,and demonstrate respect and trust for one another.

A) instructional
B) community
C) inclusive
D) relational

Question 30

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development,a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) pre-conventional
B) moral realism
C) moral relativism
D) ego ideal

Question 31

New research suggests that by the time children reach age 5,children already possess

A) global self-evaluation
B) intuition of emotions
C) personal comparison traits
D) self-care

Question 32

Of the following statements,which is an accurate description of the nature of a child's relationship with her parents during middle childhood?

A) School-aged children no longer need parents as a safe base for support.
B) In non-Western societies, the middle childhood years are when children are launched into independence.
C) The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers.
D) Parental supervision increases due to concerns about peer influences.

Question 33

Any statement that involves an aspect of some internal personality characteristic or trait is called a

A) trait dimension.
B) psychological construct.
C) behavioural comparator.
D) personality type.

Question 34

Spiritual education that preadolescents are exposed to commonly focuses on

A) truisms and facts.
B) judgments and moral behaviour.
C) intuition and emotions.
D) guilt and punishment.

Question 35

Recent research has indicated that mothers of socially withdrawn children are ________,while mothers of aggressive children are ________.

A) authoritative; authoritarian
B) overprotective; cold
C) overcontrolling; undercontrolling
D) undercontrolling; overcontrolling

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT something parents can do to help their 6- to 12-year-old move toward more mature levels?

A) say please and thank you
B) play age appropriate games
C) Give meaningful chores
D) punish him or her for being bad

Question 37

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development,a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) ego ideal
D) post-conventional

Question 38

A child's ability to conform to parental standards of behaviour without direct supervision is

A) moral reality.
B) rival reality.
C) self-regulation.
D) inner turmoil.

Question 39

All of the following are educational strategies that may promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children EXCEPT

A) visualization.
B) art therapy.
C) hypnosis.
D) meditation.

Question 40

Research supports the concept that children who are older than 8 years of age,compared to children who are younger,know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behaviour of others.

A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) intentions
D) consequences

Question 41

Of the following,which is NOT an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood?

A) At every age, boys show more physical aggression and assertiveness than girls do.
B) Girls are more likely than boys to use relational aggression toward their peers.
C) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.
D) School-age boys often express their approval for the aggressive behaviour of peers.

Question 42

Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?

A) Ling yelled at her older sister, "Get up! I'm supposed to sit next to Daddy!"
B) Jonathan reached across the aisle and gave Iman's pigtail a hard tug.
C) Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharma any more. She's fat!"
D) Ati lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the treehouse, and they immediately began to chase her down the street.

Question 43

Choose the correct description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships.

A) Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school.
B) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.
C) Boys' friendship groups are smaller than girls' friendship groups.
D) Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys' friendship groups.

Question 44

The most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers is

A) her socioeconomic status.
B) her physical appearance.
C) her social behaviour.
D) her intelligence.

Question 45

In a typical "boundary violation" between children's play groups in middle childhood,

A) best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends.
B) a child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period of time.
C) a girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings.
D) a brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group.

Question 46

Which of the following is characteristic of peer group interactions during the elementary school years?

A) having a variety of friends that includes both boys and girls
B) a lack of shared interests and activities
C) the development of social skills useful for interactions with both girls and boys
D) gender segregation

Question 47

Of the following,which is NOT an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?

A) "Try to stop me."
B) "I can help."
C) "Shut up!"
D) "You can't do it."

Question 48

Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys,but rather that girls may express themselves by using the form of aggression known as

A) relational aggression.
B) verbal hostility.
C) covert hostility.
D) parallel aggression.

Question 49

A child who rolls her eyes in disgust when another child speaks or gossips to hurt another person's reputation is using

A) relational aggression.
B) inductive persuasion.
C) person imperception.
D) instrumental aggression.

Question 50

Psychologists use the term ________ to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers.

A) "neglected"
B) "rejected"
C) "repudiated"
D) "expelled"

Question 51

Compared to popular or rejected children,neglected children are more likely to be

A) disruptive.
B) depressed and lonely.
C) more intelligent.
D) aggressive.

Question 52

An individual child's classification as being popular,rejected,or neglected refers to

A) social status.
B) socioeconomic status.
C) global status.
D) schoolyard status.

Question 53

The pattern of aggression that is aimed at damaging another's self-esteem and ostracizing through cruel gossiping is known as

A) relational aggression.
B) retaliatory aggression.
C) rejected aggression.
D) neglected aggression.

Question 54

A child who does something to get back at or pay back someone who had hurt him would be using

A) hostile aggression.
B) relational aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) retaliatory aggression.

Question 55

Boys' friendship groups

A) tend to be larger.
B) tend to roam around the neighbourhood.
C) focus on competition and dominance.
D) are all of the above.

Question 56

If you ask a child,"Why is Tom your friend?" the child who responds,"Because he lets me play with his truck," most likely

A) is a preschooler.
B) uses psychological constructs to describe his friends.
C) is in the late years of middle childhood.
D) is at the reciprocal trust stage of friendship.

Question 57

Of the following forms of aggression,which is most likely to be approved of and viewed as a sign of social competence by children over 8 years old?

A) verbal aggression
B) retaliatory aggression
C) physical aggression
D) relational aggression

Question 58

During the later years of middle childhood,the key element of children's friendships becomes

A) complementary abilities.
B) similar social and cultural backgrounds.
C) having a good time together.
D) reciprocal trust.

Question 59

Of the following forms of aggression,which increases across the middle childhood years?

A) verbal aggression
B) relational aggression
C) retaliatory aggression
D) all of the above

Question 60

Self-care has the most negative effects for children in _______________________

A) neighbourhoods with low crime rates.
B) affluent areas.
C) after-school programs.
D) neighbourhoods with high crime rates.

Question 61

The major reason that children under 9 should not be in self-care is

A) they won't do their homework.
B) they will have poor attachment with their parents.
C) they can't be trusted.
D) they can't evaluate risk or deal with emergencies.

Question 62

By age eight,a child will take into account the intentions of another person when the child is making a moral judgment about the other person's behaviour or actions.

Question 63

Heavy TV viewing tends to

A) be associated with lower academic scores.
B) cause an increase in violence.
C) lead to desensitization.
D) all of the above

Question 64

Which of the following children would be most likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?

A) Abraham, who is very shy
B) Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music
C) Elizabeth, who is very smart and every teacher's favourite student
D) Shah Rukh, who is taller than his peers and very handsome

Question 65

Since 1990,the amount of time that Canadian children aged 2 to 11 spend watching TV has

A) increased to 19.2 hours per week.
B) dropped to 14 hours per week.
C) stayed the same.
D) increased to 21.7 hours per week.

Question 66

Children who are at home by themselves after school for an hour or more each day are referred to as

A) self-taught children.
B) after school children.
C) self-care children.
D) self-regulated children.

Question 67

Among elementary and high school students,heavy television viewing is associated with

A) increased passivity and compliance.
B) higher vocabulary and rhetorical skills.
C) lower IQ scores.
D) lower scores on basic tests of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Question 68

Across middle childhood,children's descriptions of others focus less on abstract characteristics and more on specific,concrete characteristics.

Question 69

Children who are at homes by themselves after school an hour or more each day tend to

A) be poorly adjusted.
B) be less socially skilled.
C) have more behavioural problems.
D) all of the above

Question 70

Children describe their own personalities with increasing degrees of precision across the middle childhood years.

Question 71

Repeated viewing of TV violence results in a reduction of

A) prosocial behaviour.
B) antisocial behaviour.
C) emotional distress.
D) inattention.

Question 72

Freud claimed that children concentrate on developing friendships and social skills during the latency stage.

Question 73

During the stage of industry versus inferiority,if children fail to read and write,they will enter adolescence with feelings of inferiority.

Question 74

During play,a child protests,"Those are the rules!" when confronted with others who want to change the rules.This is an example of moral relativism.

Question 75

According to Erikson,the psychosocial task of middle childhood is to develop industry,which is the willingness to work to achieve goals.

Question 76

Which one of the following does research indicate is NOT true?

A) Aggressive boys tend to have other aggressive boys as friends.
B) Retaliatory aggression is seen as the most acceptable by children in middle childhood.
C) Children have more positive attitudes towards aggressive peers who also display prosocial behaviour.
D) Aggressive girls are accepted by their peers if they are also good at sports.

Question 77

Freud believed that children between age 6 and puberty were faced with the challenge of forming emotional bonds with peers.

Question 78

Television programs that are designed to be educational or to teach children moral values

A) have not been found to have positive effects.
B) do not influence children's ability to learn new material that is unrelated to their previous experience.
C) may help children develop larger vocabularies or demonstrate more kind and helpful behaviour.
D) benefit only children who do not have positive influences or models in their environment.

Question 79

Researchers have found that parents may hold girls accountable to a higher standard of self-regulatory behaviour than they hold boys to.

Question 80

When all relevant factors are considered,what is the factor that most strongly influences how self-care affects a child?

A) parental monitoring
B) the parents' reason for leaving the child in self-care
C) the child's level of independence and maturity
D) the child's IQ